Alleviation of Cr(VI) Toxicity and Improve Phytostabilization Potential of Vigna radiata Using a Novel Cr(VI) Reducing Multi-Stress-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial Strain Bacillus flexus M2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Sample Collection and Bacterial Isolation
2.2. Cr(VI) Reduction Assay
2.3. Multi-Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance
2.4. Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Rhizobacterial Isolate M2
2.5. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) Analysis
2.6. Plant-Growth-Promoting Ability of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2
2.6.1. Indole Acetic Acid, Ammonia, and Exocellular Polysaccharide Production
2.6.2. Phosphate Solubilization, Siderophore, Catalase, Protease, Amylase, and Lipase Production
2.7. Influence of the Strain M2 Inoculation on V. radiata Growth under Cr(VI) Stress
2.7.1. Estimation of Photosynthetic Pigments
2.7.2. Estimation of Proline and Hydrogen Peroxide Contents
2.7.3. Antioxidant Enzymes Extraction from Roots and Leaves of V. radiata
2.7.4. Estimation of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Peroxidase Activities in V. radiata
2.7.5. Analysis of Cr Accumulation in Plant Tissues
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cr(VI) Tolerance and Reduction Ability of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2
3.1.1. Effect of Temperature, pH, NaCl, and PEG on Cr(VI) Reduction
3.1.2. Multi-Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2
3.2. Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2
3.3. FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy and TEM-EDX Analysis on the Rhizobacterial Strain M2
3.4. Plant-Growth-Promoting Activities of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2 under Cr Stress
3.4.1. Indole Acetic Acid, Ammonia, and EPS Production
3.4.2. Phosphate Solubilization, Siderophore, Catalase, Protease, Amylase, and Lipase Production
3.5. Effect of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2 and Cr(VI) on V. radiata Growth and Antioxidant Response
3.5.1. Effect of Strain M2 and Cr(VI) on Seed Germination, Root and Shoot Length of V. radiata
3.5.2. Effect of the Strain M2 and Cr(VI) on Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents of V. radiata
3.5.3. Effect of the Strain M2 and Cr(VI) on Proline and H2O2 Contents of V. radiata
3.5.4. Effect of the Strain M2 and Cr(VI) on the Activity of SOD, CAT, and POD in V. radiata
3.5.5. Effect of the Strain M2 Inoculation of Cr Accumulation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Properties | Garden Soil | Tannery Effluent Contaminated Soil |
---|---|---|
Soil texture | Soil mixed with clay and sand | Grainy sand |
pH | 7.5 | 8.2 |
Moisture content | 52.10 | 39.5 |
Electro conductivity (dsm−1) | 1.2 | 6.8 |
Macro nutrients (kg/ha) | ||
Nitrogen (N) | 224 | 156 |
Phosphorous (P) | 24 | 3.5 |
Potassium (K) | 760 | 48 |
Heavy metals (mg/kg) | ||
Chromium (Cr) | BDL | 21.2 |
Arsenic (As) | BDL | 3.2 |
Cadmium (Cd) | 0.004 | 1.6 |
Nickel (Ni) | 0.002 | 1.1 |
Heavy Metals | Metal Concentration (µg/mL) | MIC (µg/mL) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
250 | 500 | 750 | 1000 | 1250 | 1500 | 2000 | ||||
Cr | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 3000 * | ||
Pb | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | 1000 | ||
Cd | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | 1250 | ||
Ni | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | 2000 | ||
Cu | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | 1250 | ||
Mn | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | 1250 | ||
Zn | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | 1250 | ||
Antibiotic Tolerance of the Rhizobacterial Strain M2 | ||||||||||
Antibiotic | Concentration (mcg) | Resistance/Sensitive | ||||||||
Penicillin | 10 | + | ||||||||
Erythromycin | 10 | + | ||||||||
Methicillin | 30 | + | ||||||||
Chloramphenicol | 25 | - | ||||||||
Gentamicin | 30 | - | ||||||||
Ciprofloxacin | 30 | - | ||||||||
Vancomycin | 10 | + | ||||||||
Ampicillin | 25 | + | ||||||||
Amoxicillin | 30 | - |
Cr(VI) Conc. (mg/L) | P a Solubilization | Siderophore | Catalase | Protease | Amylase | Lipase | IAA | Ammonia (µg/mL) | EPS (µg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TBA b | T20 c | 25T (µg/mL) | 50T (µg/mL) | ||||||||
0 | +++ | ++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | 29.85 ± 1.27 b | 38.82 ± 1.07 a | 59.3 ± 3.64 a | 21.24 ± 2.10 e |
100 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | 19.85 ± 1.26 e | 36.63 ± 1.30 a | 45.7 ± 1.71 b | 38.22 ± 2.91 c |
200 | ++ | +++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ++ | 18.53 ± 1.55 e | 21.10 ± 1.13 d | 36.59 ± 2.18 c | 56.75 ± 3.18 a |
300 | + | + | + | ++ | + | + | + | 7.21 ± 1.50 e | 9.26 ± 1.04 e | 29.81 ± 1.94 c | 49.75 ± 3.70 b |
Treatment | Seed Germination (%) | Root Length (cm) | Shoot Length (cm) | Pigments (mg/g F.W) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll a | Chlorophyll b | Total Chlorophyll | Carotenoids | ||||
Control | 95 | 8.61 ± 1.15 a | 27.18 ± 1.44 a | 51.15 ± 1.29 a | 23.11 ± 1.44 a | 74.26 ± 2.73 a | 10.45 ± 1.28 a |
Cr(VI) | 28 | 2.78 ± 1.38 b | 16.21 ± 1.18 b | 24.34 ± 1.48 b | 10.28 ± 1.45 b | 34.62 ± 2.93 b | 3.86 ± 1.35 b |
M2 | 97 | 14.62 ± 1.50 c | 31.45 ± 1.60 c | 55.14 ± 1.68 c | 26.74 ± 1.60 c | 86.88 ± 3.28 c | 17.51 ± 1.39 c |
M2+ Cr(VI) | 90 | 12.44 ± 1.29 c | 25.85 ± 1.35 a | 48.75 ± 2.05 a | 23.05 ± 1.65 a | 71.80 ± 3.70 a | 9.29 ± 1.52 a |
Treatment | Chromium Accumulation (mg/kg) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | |||||
Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | Root | Shoot | |
Control | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
Cr(VI) | 80.15 d | 22.73 e | 104.25 c | 42.17 e | 185.14 b | 59.52 e | 230.19 a | 65.82 d |
M2 | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL | BDL |
M2+ Cr(VI) | 5.95 e | 3.89 e | 17.08 e | 8.25 e | 48.69 e | 23.11 e | 80.48 d | 38.94 e |
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Srinivas Ravi, M.; Karthik, C.; Padikasan, I.A.; Ma, Y. Alleviation of Cr(VI) Toxicity and Improve Phytostabilization Potential of Vigna radiata Using a Novel Cr(VI) Reducing Multi-Stress-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial Strain Bacillus flexus M2. Agronomy 2022, 12, 3079. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123079
Srinivas Ravi M, Karthik C, Padikasan IA, Ma Y. Alleviation of Cr(VI) Toxicity and Improve Phytostabilization Potential of Vigna radiata Using a Novel Cr(VI) Reducing Multi-Stress-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial Strain Bacillus flexus M2. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3079. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123079
Chicago/Turabian StyleSrinivas Ravi, Manoj, Chinnannan Karthik, Indra Arulselvi Padikasan, and Ying Ma. 2022. "Alleviation of Cr(VI) Toxicity and Improve Phytostabilization Potential of Vigna radiata Using a Novel Cr(VI) Reducing Multi-Stress-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial Strain Bacillus flexus M2" Agronomy 12, no. 12: 3079. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123079