Variability in Early Seed Development of 26 Populations of Cuscuta campestris Yunck.: The Significance of Host, Seed Age, Morphological Trait, Light, Temperature, and Genetic Variance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Seed Collection and Preparation
2.2. Morphological Traits of Seeds
2.3. Testing Germination and Germination Dynamics In Vitro
2.4. Ribosomal DNA Gene Sequencing and RAPD Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seed Color, Shape, and Size
3.2. Seed Age and Hosts
3.3. Germination Tests under Different Temperature and Light Treatments
3.4. Cumulative Germination
3.4.1. Temperature
3.4.2. Light
3.4.3. Locations
3.5. Taxonomic Identity and Genetic Variability
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Explanatory Variable | Temp. (°C) | Parameter Estimates (±SE) | GDD | DAP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | e | SE | 10% | 50% | 90% | 10% | 50% | 90% | ||
global.gd | - | 1.26 | 0.01 | 3.41 | 0.02 | 2 | 5 | 20 | 2 | 5 | 20 |
global.gdd10 | - | 1.42 | 0.01 | 82.76 | 0.45 | 46 | 107 | 402 | 2 | 5 | 19 |
GD | 28 | 1.27 | 0.02 | 4.32 | 0.06 | 2 | 6 | 26 | 2 | 6 | 26 |
GD | 30 | 1.29 | 0.02 | 3.60 | 0.05 | 2 | 5 | 21 | 2 | 5 | 21 |
GD | 35 | 1.23 | 0.02 | 2.58 | 0.04 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 16 |
GDD | 28 | 1.42 | 0.02 | 95.92 | 1.03 | 53 | 124 | 468 | 3 | 6 | 22 |
GDD | 30 | 1.47 | 0.02 | 91.59 | 1.01 | 52 | 117 | 423 | 2 | 6 | 20 |
GDD | 35 | 1.47 | 0.02 | 89.65 | 1.08 | 51 | 115 | 414 | 2 | 5 | 20 |
Model | Light | Parameter Estimates (±SE) | Germination in GDD | Germination in DAP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | e | SE | 10% | 50% | 90% | 10% | 50% | 90% | ||
light | yes | 1.46 | 0.01 | 64.18 | 0.58 | 36 | 83 | 301 | 2 | 4 | 14 |
no light | no | 1.46 | 0.01 | 92.62 | 0.51 | 52 | 119 | 434 | 2 | 6 | 21 |
Region | Location | Parameter Estimates (±SE) | Germination in GDD | Germination in DAP | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | e | SE | 10% | 50% | 90% | 10% | 50% | 90% | ||
Banat | Sakule | 1.51 | 0.07 | 68.81 | 2.27 | 40 | 88 | 305 | 2 | 4 | 15 |
Lukicevo | 1.23 | 0.05 | 72.90 | 2.63 | 37 | 98 | 453 | 2 | 5 | 22 | |
Kovačica | 1.42 | 0.06 | 82.09 | 2.58 | 46 | 106 | 402 | 2 | 5 | 19 | |
Crepaja | 1.40 | 0.06 | 80.52 | 2.57 | 44 | 105 | 400 | 2 | 5 | 19 | |
Dolovo | 1.48 | 0.07 | 72.69 | 2.36 | 41 | 93 | 334 | 2 | 4 | 16 | |
Glogonj | 1.72 | 0.08 | 95.23 | 2.52 | 59 | 118 | 351 | 3 | 6 | 17 | |
Malo Bavaniste | 1.72 | 0.07 | 119.29 | 2.91 | 73 | 148 | 442 | 3 | 7 | 21 | |
Kovin 1 | 1.54 | 0.07 | 72.68 | 2.31 | 42 | 92 | 313 | 2 | 4 | 15 | |
Kovin 2 | 1.40 | 0.05 | 114.45 | 3.20 | 63 | 149 | 569 | 3 | 7 | 27 | |
Pančevo | 1.30 | 0.05 | 98.81 | 3.04 | 52 | 131 | 556 | 2 | 6 | 26 | |
Padinska skela | 1.41 | 0.06 | 111.26 | 3.52 | 62 | 144 | 549 | 3 | 7 | 26 | |
Vrbovski | 1.64 | 0.08 | 89.62 | 2.82 | 54 | 112 | 354 | 3 | 5 | 17 | |
Kovilovo | 1.59 | 0.08 | 106.61 | 3.19 | 63 | 134 | 438 | 3 | 6 | 21 | |
Srem | Krcedin | 1.44 | 0.06 | 75.57 | 2.39 | 42 | 97 | 360 | 2 | 5 | 17 |
Batajnica | 1.39 | 0.05 | 103.52 | 2.94 | 57 | 135 | 521 | 3 | 6 | 25 | |
Beska | 1.47 | 0.06 | 87.20 | 2.57 | 49 | 112 | 405 | 2 | 5 | 19 | |
Stara Pazova | 1.67 | 0.07 | 98.90 | 2.57 | 60 | 123 | 382 | 3 | 6 | 18 | |
Novi Karlovci | 1.44 | 0.06 | 75.99 | 2.40 | 43 | 98 | 364 | 2 | 5 | 17 | |
Pecinci | 1.45 | 0.05 | 142.21 | 3.58 | 80 | 183 | 675 | 4 | 9 | 32 | |
Ljukovo | 1.57 | 0.07 | 95.25 | 2.60 | 56 | 120 | 399 | 3 | 6 | 19 | |
Sid | 1.40 | 0.05 | 114.86 | 3.14 | 63 | 149 | 576 | 3 | 7 | 27 | |
Putinci | 1.32 | 0.05 | 113.92 | 3.23 | 61 | 150 | 627 | 3 | 7 | 30 | |
Indjija | 1.30 | 0.05 | 88.00 | 2.77 | 46 | 117 | 500 | 2 | 6 | 24 | |
Dobanovci | 1.91 | 0.10 | 105.11 | 2.84 | 68 | 127 | 341 | 3 | 6 | 16 | |
Macva | Bogosavac | 1.55 | 0.03 | 92.75 | 1.67 | 54 | 117 | 395 | 3 | 6 | 19 |
Sevarice | 1.55 | 0.03 | 78.11 | 1.49 | 46 | 99 | 332 | 2 | 5 | 16 |
Primer | Sequence (5′ -> 3′) | Total No. of Bands | No. of Polymorphic Bands | Size Range of Bands (bp) | PIC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPA-03 | AGTCAGCCAC | 4 | 2 | 380–900 | 0.35 |
OPA-07 | GAAACGGGTG | 5 | 4 | 480–2000 | 0.45 |
OPB-17 | AGGGAACGAG | 4 | 2 | 500–890 | 0.51 |
OPAL-20 | AGGAGTCGGA | 5 | 1 | 280–440 | 0.20 |
Total | 18 | 9 | |||
Mean | 4.5 | 2.25 | 0.38 |
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Population | Location | Region | Sampling Date | Seed Age (Years) | Main Host Plants |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cus60 | Putinci | Srem | 1 October 2019 | 1 | Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doll |
Cus61 | Inđija | Srem | 1 October 2019 | 1 | Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doll |
Cus62 | Pančevo | Banat | 26 September 2017 | 3 | Foeniculum vulgare L. |
Cus56 | Pećinci | Srem | 16 August 2017 | 3 | Solanum tuberosum L.; Solanum nigrum L. |
Cus17 | Kovilovo | Banat | 7 October 2010 | 10 | Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doll |
Cus18 | Glogonj | Banat | 7 October 2010 | 10 | Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doll |
Cus15 | Padinska skela | Banat | 7 October 2009 | 11 | Medicago sativa L. |
Cus16 | Vrbovski | Banat | 7 October 2009 | 11 | P. aviculare L.; Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. |
Cus1 | Sakule | Banat | 3 September 2008 | 12 | Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. |
Cus2 | Krčedin | Srem | 1 September 2008 | 12 | Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doll |
Cus3 | Bogosavac | Macva | 1 October 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus4 | Batajnica | Srem | 1 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus5 | Ševarice | Macva | 12 October 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus6 | Lukićevo | Banat | 3 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus7 | Kovačica | Banat | 3 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus8 | Crepaja | Banat | 3 September 2008 | 12 | Medicago sativa L. |
Cus9 | Dolovo | Banat | 8 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus10 | Beška | Srem | 1 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus11 | Stara Pazova | Srem | 1 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus12 | Novi Karlovci | Srem | 1 September 2008 | 12 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus53 | Malo Bavanište | Banat | 29 September 2006 | 14 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus54 | Kovin | Banat | 29 September 2006 | 14 | Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima Doll |
Cus55 | Dobanovci | Srem | 2 October 2006 | 14 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus57 | Ljukovo | Srem | 11 September 2006 | 14 | Polygonum aviculare L. |
Cus58 | Šid | Srem | 16 September 2005 | 15 | Beta vulgaris var. altissima L. |
Cus59 | Kovin | Banat | 23 September 2005 | 15 | Medicago sativa L. |
CV (%) | 37.54 |
Population | Seed Width (μm) | Seed Length (μm) | Weight of 1000 Seeds (g) | Seed Color/ Color Code 7.5YR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cus60 | 979.8 ± 35.0 | 1152.4 ± 36.5 | 0.9 | very dark gray 3/1 |
Cus61 | 1038.0 ± 32.7 | 1208.1 ± 34.9 | 0.8 | dark brown 3/2 |
Cus62 | 1108.3 ± 32.3 | 1301.1 ± 39.4 | 1.2 | brown 5/4 |
Cus56 | 910.1 ± 57.2 | 1045.6 ± 36.4 | 0.6 | dark gray 4/1 |
Cus17 | 1074.6 ± 20.2 | 1350.3 ± 42.6 | 0.7 | strong brown 5/6 |
Cus18 | 1099.9 ± 12.6 | 1388.2 ± 15.7 | 1.0 | brown 4/4 |
Cus15 | 1179.4 ± 49.5 | 1424.6 ± 39.2 | 0.8 | strong brown 5/6 |
Cus16 | 1184.5 ± 34.8 | 1538.2 ± 22.1 | 0.9 | brown 5/4 |
Cus1 | 968.4 ± 20.4 | 1329.5 ± 27.3 | 0.7 | brown 4/4 * |
Cus2 | 1104.7 ± 13.4 | 1329.5 ± 18.6 | 0.8 | brown 4/4 |
Cus3 | 1196.8 ± 17.1 | 1395.3 ± 43.5 | 0.6 | very dark gray 3/1 |
Cus4 | 1142.7 ± 30.4 | 1364.2 ± 38.2 | 0.9 | dark brown 3/2 |
Cus5 | 1136.8 ± 23.8 | 1347.6 ± 42.4 | 0.6 | brown 4/4 |
Cus6 | 1172.8 ± 40.5 | 1503.9 ± 31.7 | 0.9 | strong brown 4/6 |
Cus7 | 1183.7 ± 32.1 | 1400.2 ± 15.8 | 0.7 | very dark gray 3/1 |
Cus8 | 1082.2 ± 22.5 | 1208.8 ± 13.5 | 0.6 | strong brown 4/6 |
Cus9 | 1365.1 ± 30.2 | 1425.6 ± 45.4 | 0.8 | dark brown 3/2 |
Cus10 | 1268.8 ± 36.1 | 1328.1 ± 50.7 | 1.2 | brown 4/4 |
Cus11 | 1136.3 ± 51.6 | 1226.5 ± 39.4 | 0.6 | strong brown 4/6 |
Cus12 | 1064.5 ± 23.2 | 1298.6 ± 14.3 | 0.8 | brown 4/3 |
Cus53 | 959.6 ± 36.6 | 1147.0 ± 39.9 | 0.7 | dark brown 3/2 |
Cus54 | 940.2 ± 35.2 | 1137.7 ± 33.1 | 0.7 | dark brown 3/3 |
Cus55 | 981.0 ± 33.9 | 1140.6 ± 32.8 | 0.9 | dark brown 3/2 |
Cus57 | 938.6 ± 45.9 | 1126.2 ± 30.9 | 0.8 | strong brown 5/6 |
Cus58 | 920.2 ± 30.5 | 1152.7 ± 35.1 | 0.8 | brown 4/2 |
Cus59 | 1023.1 ± 41.2 | 1245.2 ± 30.7 | 0.7 | very dark gray 3/1 |
CV (%) | 2.98 | 2.54 | 20.56 |
% Total Germination | % Dormant Seeds | % Dead Seeds | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | Seed Age (Years) | 28 °C | 30 °C | 35 °C | 28 °C | 30 °C | 35 °C | 28 °C | 30 °C | 35 °C |
Cus60 | 1 | 48.00 ± 1.03 a | 26.25 ± 0.82 b | 16.00 ± 0.72 c | 49.00 ± 1.02 c | 55.75 ± 1.02 b | 61.75 ± 1.69 a | 3.00 ± 0.35 | 18.00 ± 0.55 | 22.25 ± 0.85 |
Cus61 | 1 | 48.75 ± 1.06 a | 41.75 ± 0.89 b | 19.00 ± 0.69 c | 45.00 ± 1.01 b | 41.50 ± 0.98 b | 62.75 ± 1.21 a | 6.25 ± 0.18 b | 16.75 ± 0.74 a | 18.25 ± 0.58 a |
Cus62 | 3 | 64.00 ± 1.31 a | 53.25 ± 0.96 b | 20.00 ± 0.74 c | 31.50 ± 0.83 b | 33.00 ± 0.93 b | 57.00 ± 1.28 b | 4.50 ± 0.06 c | 13.75 ± 0.61 b | 23.00 ± 0.87 a |
Cus56 | 3 | 45.00 ± 1.01 a | 27.00 ± 0.83 b | 14.50 ± 0.94 c | 50.25 ± 1.17 | 58.75 ± 1.07 | 67.50 ± 1.07 | 5.25 ± 0.05 b | 14.25 ± 0.71 a | 18.00 ± 0.71 a |
Cus17 | 10 | 30.00 ± 0.93 a | 24.50 ± 0.88 a | 4.75 ± 0.20 b | 42.50 ± 1.03 | 46.75 ± 0.59 | 57.00 ± 1.19 | 27.50 ± 0.88 | 28.75 ± 0.48 | 38.25 ± 1.03 |
Cus18 | 10 | 12.75 ± 0.89 a | 11.50 ± 0.69 ab | 9.25 ± 0.96 b | 26.00 ± 0.71 b | 48.00 ± 0.75 a | 49.75 ± 1.05 a | 61.25 ± 0.56 a | 40.50 ± 0.62 b | 41.00 ± 1.02 b |
Cus15 | 11 | 17.25 ± 0.98 a | 14.75 ± 0.60 a | 3.00 ± 0.09 b | 41.00 ± 0.65 b | 44.50 ± 0.98 b | 49.75 ± 1.09 a | 41.75 ± 0.59 b | 40.75 ± 0.79 b | 47.25 ± 1.00 a |
Cus16 | 11 | 26.50 ± 0.85 a | 17.50 ± 0.58 b | 7.25 ± 0.30 c | 39.75 ± 0.86 | 43.75 ± 0.74 | 49.00 ± 1.32 | 33.75 ± 0.95 | 38.75 ± 0.53 | 43.75 ± 1.01 |
Cus1 | 12 | 17.75 ± 0.69 a | 13.75 ± 0.32 a | 7.00 ± 0.19 b | 58.25 ± 1.00 | 58.75 ± 1.03 | 63.00 ± 1.24 | 24.00 ± 0.89 | 27.50 ± 0.89 | 30.00 ± 0.69 |
Cus2 | 12 | 30.00 ± 0.99 a | 22.25 ± 0.50 b | 17.50 ± 0.74 c | 50.00 ± 1.01 | 53.75 ± 1.10 | 56.25 ± 1.10 | 20.00 ± 0.60 | 24.00 ± 0.60 | 26.25 ± 0.63 |
Cus3 | 12 | 20.75 ± 0.89 a | 14.75 ± 0.46 ab | 8.00 ± 0.23 b | 55.75 ± 1.02 | 59.25 ± 2.90 | 62.75 ± 1.18 | 23.50 ± 0.91 | 26.00 ±1.91 | 29.25 ± 0.91 |
Cus4 | 12 | 17.75 ± 0.67 a | 15.50 ± 0.51 a | 8.75 ± 0.36 b | 46.00 ± 0.92 | 46.75 ± 0.82 | 50.50 ± 0.65 | 36.25 ± 0.93 | 37.75 ±0.86 | 40.75 ± 0.89 |
Cus5 | 12 | 31.25 ± 1.01 a | 25.00 ± 0.82 b | 9.75 ± 0.28 c | 48.75 ± 0.98 a | 53.00 ± 0.97 a | 63.00 ± 1.06 b | 20.00 ± 0.86 a | 22.00 ± 0.63 a | 27.25 ± 0.69 b |
Cus6 | 12 | 18.50 ± 0.86 a | 15.75 ± 0.35 ab | 7.00 ± 0.25 b | 48.00 ± 0.65 | 51.00 ± 0.89 | 55.00 ± 1.11 | 33.50 ± 0.78 | 33.25 ±0.78 | 38.00 ± 0.65 |
Cus7 | 12 | 14.00 ± 0.72 a | 12.25 ± 0.50 a | 5.50 ± 0.18 b | 53.00 ± 1.06 | 53.25 ± 0.86 | 57.25 ± 1.21 | 33.00 ± 0.65 | 34.50 ± 0.67 | 37.25 ± 0.73 |
Cus8 | 12 | 10.00 ± 0.82 a | 7.50 ± 0.29 b | 10.25 ± 0.48 a | 26.50 ± 0.89 | 28.00 ± 0.72 | 25.00 ± 0.98 | 63.50 ± 1.31 | 64.50 ± 1.60 | 64.75 ± 1.31 |
Cus9 | 12 | 10.00 ± 0.78 a | 10.75 ± 0.50 a | 5.25 ± 0.33 b | 32.50 ± 0.94 | 32.50 ± 0.84 | 34.00 ± 0.87 | 57.50 ± 1.03 | 56.75 ± 1.01 | 60.75 ± 1.02 |
Cus10 | 12 | 17.25 ± 0.88 a | 13.00 ± 0.41 a | 3.25 ± 0.11 b | 46.50 ± 1.01 | 47.00 ± 0.87 | 53.50 ± 0.99 | 36.25 ± 0.97 | 40.00 ± 0.70 | 43.25 ± 1.68 |
Cus11 | 12 | 14.50 ± 0.92 a | 12.50 ± 0.58 ab | 9.75 ± 0.42 b | 37.50 ± 0.95 | 37.50 ± 0.55 | 38.75 ± 0.86 | 48.00 ± 0.68 | 50.00 ± 0.88 | 51.50 ± 1.12 |
Cus12 | 12 | 28.75 ± 1.00 a | 23.75 ± 0.81 a | 2.50 ± 0.06 b | 27.00 ± 0.82 a | 30.25 ± 0.58 a | 40.75 ± 1.31 b | 44.25 ± 0.86 a | 46.00 ± 0.82 a | 56.75 ± 1.87 b |
Cus53 | 14 | 24.25 ± 0.94 a | 21.00 ± 0.82 a | 1.75 ± 0.96 b | 29.00 ± 0.98 b | 29.25 ± 0.46 b | 39.50 ± 0.88 a | 46.75 ± 0.87 b | 49.75 ± 0.87 b | 58.75 ± 1.63 a |
Cus54 | 14 | 19.50 ± 0.87 a | 17.50 ± 0.52 a | 2.00 ± 0.07 b | 19.50 ± 0.77 | 18.25 ± 0.43 | 26.25 ± 0.75 | 61.00 ± 1.03 | 64.25 ± 1.11 | 71.75 ± 1.39 |
Cus55 | 14 | 33.25 ± 0.92 a | 26.75 ± 0.99 b | 2.75 ± 0.10 c | 28.00 ± 0.91 | 30.00 ± 0.61 | 40.00 ± 1.01 | 38.75 ± 0.78 | 43.25 ± 0.78 | 57.25 ± 1.37 |
Cus57 | 14 | 25.75 ± 0.96 a | 22.75 ± 0.77 a | 1.50 ± 0.05 b | 30.50 ± 0.97 | 33.25 ±0.76 | 45.50 ± 1.05 | 43.75 ± 0.97 | 44.00 ± 0.97 | 53.00 ± 1.18 |
Cus58 | 15 | 11.75 ± 0.68 a | 9.00 ± 0.33 ab | 5.25 ± 0.21 b | 36.50 ± 1.03 | 39.50 ± 0.96 | 41.25 ± 1.09 | 51.75 ± 1.08 | 51.50 ± 1.18 | 53.50 ± 1.11 |
Cus59 | 15 | 9.25 ± 0.43 a | 7.50 ± 0.21 a | 1.25 ± 0.04 b | 9.75 ± 0.24 | 17.00 ± 0.62 | 14.25 ± 0.48 | 81.00 ± 1.34 | 75.50 ± 1.09 | 84.50 ± 1.63 |
CV (%) | 37.54 | 3.58 | 3.14 | 4.78 | 2.34 | 1.99 | 2.16 | 2.23 | 2.13 | 2.46 |
Pop. | Seed Age (Years) | Light (28 °C/21 °C) | Dark (28 °C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Total Germination | % Dormant Seeds | % Dead Seeds | % Total Germination | % Dormant Seeds | % Dead Seeds | ||
Cus60 | 1 | 55.50 ± 0.84 a | 36.50 ± 0.41 | 8.00 ± 0.10 | 48.00 ± 1.03 b | 49.00 ± 1.02 | 3.00 ± 0.35 |
Cus61 | 1 | 60.00 ± 0.82 a | 34.50 ± 0.29 b | 5.50 ± 0.18 | 48.75 ± 1.06 b | 45.00 ± 1.01 a | 6.25 ± 0.18 |
Cus62 | 3 | 83.50 ± 0.98 a | 12.75 ± 0.21 b | 3.75 ± 0.11 | 64.00 ± 1.31 b | 31.50 ± 0.83 a | 4.50 ± 0.06 |
Cus56 | 3 | 52.25 ± 0.93 a | 42.50 ± 0.36 | 5.25 ± 0.12 | 45.00 ± 1.01 b | 50.25 ± 1.17 | 5.25 ± 0.05 |
Cus17 | 10 | 33.00 ± 0.48 | 39.00 ± 0.35 | 28.00 ± 0.31 | 30.00 ± 0.93 | 42.50 ± 1.03 | 27.50 ± 0.88 |
Cus18 | 10 | 14.00 ± 0.50 | 38.75 ± 0.81 a | 47.25 ± 0.62 a | 12.75 ± 0.89 | 15.00 ± 0.71 b | 11.50 ± 0.56 b |
Cus15 | 11 | 20.25 ± 0.56 | 34.50 ± 0.17 b | 45.25 ± 0.34 a | 17.25 ± 0.98 | 41.00 ± 0.65 a | 41.75 ± 0.59 b |
Cus16 | 11 | 28.25 ± 0.73 | 39.25 ± 0.32 | 32.50 ± 0.53 | 26.50 ± 0.85 | 39.75 ± 0.86 | 33.75 ± 0.95 |
Cus1 | 12 | 21.00 ± 0.69 | 55.00 ± 0.48 | 24.00 ± 0.17 | 17.75 ± 0.69 | 58.25 ± 1.00 | 24.00 ± 0.89 |
Cus2 | 12 | 32.50 ± 0.73 | 48.50 ± 0.70 | 19.00 ± 0.12 | 30.00 ± 0.99 | 50.00 ± 1.01 | 20.00 ± 0.60 |
Cus3 | 12 | 24.25 ± 0.45 | 52.50 ± 0.90 | 23.25 ± 0.24 | 20.75 ± 0.89 | 55.75 ± 1.02 | 23.50 ± 0.91 |
Cus4 | 12 | 18.50 ± 0.89 | 45.50 ± 0.82 | 36.00 ± 0.56 | 17.75 ± 0.67 | 46.00 ± 0.92 | 36.25 ± 0.93 |
Cus5 | 12 | 33.00 ± 0.99 | 47.25 ± 0.42 | 19.75 ± 0.15 | 31.25 ± 1.01 | 48.75 ± 0.98 | 20.00 ± 0.86 |
Cus6 | 12 | 21.50 ± 0.83 | 45.75 ± 0.65 | 32.75 ± 0.48 | 18.50 ± 0.86 | 48.00 ± 0.65 | 33.50 ± 0.78 |
Cus7 | 12 | 15.50 ± 0.56 | 51.00 ± 0.76 | 33.50 ± 0.35 | 14.00 ± 0.72 | 53.00 ± 1.06 | 33.00 ± 0.65 |
Cus8 | 12 | 12.00 ± 0.32 | 26.00 ± 0.43 | 62.00 ± 0.56 | 10.00 ± 0.82 | 26.50 ± 0.89 | 63.50 ± 1.31 |
Cus9 | 12 | 19.25 ± 0.79 a | 28.75 ± 0.32 | 52.00 ± 0.33 | 10.00 ± 0.78 b | 32.50 ± 0.94 | 57.50 ± 1.03 |
Cus10 | 12 | 20.00 ± 0.69 | 45.50 ± 0.70 | 34.50 ± 0.24 | 17.25 ± 0.88 | 46.50 ± 1.01 | 36.25 ± 0.97 |
Cus11 | 12 | 15.25 ± 0.35 | 37.25 ± 0.50 | 47.50 ± 0.68 | 14.50 ± 0.92 | 37.50 ± 0.95 | 48.00 ± 0.68 |
Cus12 | 12 | 29.75 ± 0.80 | 25.75 ± 0.52 | 44.50 ± 0.33 | 28.75 ± 1.00 | 27.00 ± 0.82 | 44.25 ± 0.86 |
Cus53 | 14 | 27.00 ± 0.73 | 27.50 ± 0.46 | 45.50 ± 0.87 | 24.25 ± 0.94 | 29.00 ± 0.98 | 46.75 ± 0.87 |
Cus54 | 14 | 21.50 ± 0.40 | 19.50 ± 0.22 | 59.00 ± 0.63 | 19.50 ± 0.87 | 19.50 ± 0.77 | 61.00 ± 1.03 |
Cus55 | 14 | 35.25 ± 0.62 | 27.75 ± 0.18 | 37.00 ± 0.58 | 33.25 ± 0.92 | 28.00 ± 0.91 | 38.75 ± 0.78 |
Cus57 | 14 | 32.25 ± 0.83 | 27.00 ± 0.37 | 40.75 ± 0.54 | 25.75 ± 0.96 | 30.50 ± 0.97 | 43.75 ± 0.97 |
Cus58 | 15 | 28.25 ± 0.79 a | 32.25 ± 0.18 | 39.50 ± 0.21 b | 11.75 ± 0.68 b | 36.50 ± 1.03 | 51.75 ± 1.08 a |
Cus59 | 15 | 12.75 ± 0.49 | 10.50 ± 0.62 | 76.75 ± 0.98 b | 9.25 ± 0.43 | 9.75 ± 0.24 | 81.00 ± 1.34 a |
CV (%) | 37.54 | 2.32 | 4.71 | 1.14 | 3.58 | 2.34 | 2.23 |
Pop. | Seed Age (Years) | Shoot Length (cm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (Dark) | Light | ||||
Day/Night | |||||
28 °C | 30 °C | 35 °C | 28 °C/21 °C | ||
Cus60 | 1 | 9.97 ± 0.76 a | 7.90 ± 1.49 b | 5.61 ± 0.50 c | 11.04 ± 1.76 a |
Cus61 | 1 | 8.87 ± 1.06 a | 7.75 ± 1.03 ab | 6.49 ± 0.90 b | 7.14 ± 1.08 ab |
Cus62 | 3 | 9.98 ± 0.98 | 10.05 ± 1.01 | 8.66 ± 1.12 | 10.39 ± 1.36 |
Cus56 | 3 | 4.70 ± 0.43 b | 4.43 ± 0.80 b | 4.81 ± 0.61 b | 6.85 ± 1.13 a |
Cus17 | 10 | 8.69 ± 1.42 a | 8.35 ± 1.74 a | 6.13 ± 0.87 b | 7.57 ± 0.64 ab |
Cus18 | 10 | 7.85 ± 1.50 ab | 2.29 ± 0.64 c | 6.21 ± 1.18 b | 8.53 ± 0.97 a |
Cus15 | 11 | 6.41 ± 0.57 ab | 5.83 ± 0.95 b | 5.27 ± 0.99 b | 7.53 ± 1.07 a |
Cus16 | 11 | 5.20 ± 0.41 b | 7.07 ± 0.90 a | 3.83 ± 0.36 c | 7.19 ± 0.91 a |
Cus1 | 12 | 7.76 ± 0.83 bc | 8.23 ± 0.62 ab | 6.68 ± 0.84 c | 9.38 ± 0.80 a |
Cus2 | 12 | 5.71 ± 0.70 b | 8.57 ± 0.97 a | 6.84 ± 0.98 b | 6.92 ± 0.55 b |
Cus3 | 12 | 5.97 ± 0.60 c | 9.00 ± 1.28 a | 6.10 ± 0.89 bc | 7.55 ± 1.04 ab |
Cus4 | 12 | 5.00 ± 0.39 b | 3.11 ± 0.18 c | 5.60 ± 0.69 b | 7.23 ± 0.92 a |
Cus5 | 12 | 7.05 ± 0.37 ab | 8.36 ± 1.58 a | 5.49 ± 1.02 b | 7.12 ± 1.08 ab |
Cus6 | 12 | 7.47 ± 0.50 b | 8.88 ± 0.97 a | 7.88 ± 0.99 ab | 7.61 ± 0.80 ab |
Cus7 | 12 | 6.70 ± 0.56 b | 9.46 ± 1.04 a | 8.85 ± 0.59 a | 9.08 ± 0.68 a |
Cus8 | 12 | 3.08 ± 0.56 c | 10.28 ± 1.52 a | 5.12 ± 0.91 b | 6.81 ± 0.94 b |
Cus9 | 12 | 7.46 ± 0.50 b | 10.30 ± 1.25 a | 7.31 ± 1.02 b | 7.78 ± 0.92 b |
Cus10 | 12 | 7.18 ± 0.77 b | 11.93 ± 1.50 a | 8.24 ± 0.97 b | 7.87 ± 0.24 b |
Cus11 | 12 | 7.22 ± 1.28 b | 11.64 ± 1.29 a | 6.95 ± 1.11 b | 7.78 ± 0.91 b |
Cus12 | 12 | 7.29 ± 1.02 ab | 3.98 ± 0.35 c | 6.23 ± 0.81 b | 7.77 ± 0.38 a |
Cus53 | 14 | 6.44 ± 0.92 | 5.47 ± 1.07 | 6.08 ± 1.02 | 6.90 ± 0.74 |
Cus54 | 14 | 7.38 ± 0.98 a | 6.59 ± 1.03 ab | 5.22 ± 0.94 b | 6.84 ± 1.05 a |
Cus55 | 14 | 6.33 ± 0.66 b | 7.63 ± 0.29 a | 5.52 ± 0.64 b | 6.32 ± 0.94 b |
Cus57 | 14 | 6.44 ± 1.03 | 7.34 ± 0.97 | 6.21 ± 1.23 | 6.48 ± 1.06 |
Cus58 | 15 | 6.48 ± 1.61 b c | 8.05 ± 1.50 a | 5.68 ± 1.15 c | 7.55 ± 0.41 ab |
Cus59 | 15 | 5.75 ± 0.85 | 6.93 ± 0.89 | 6.44 ± 0.98 | 6.18 ± 0.73 |
CV (%) | 37.54 | 11.92 | 13.47 | 14.22 | 11.59 |
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Sarić-Krsmanović, M.; Zagorchev, L.; Gajić Umiljendić, J.; Rajković, M.; Radivojević, L.; Teofanova, D.; Božić, D.; Vrbničanin, S. Variability in Early Seed Development of 26 Populations of Cuscuta campestris Yunck.: The Significance of Host, Seed Age, Morphological Trait, Light, Temperature, and Genetic Variance. Agronomy 2022, 12, 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030559
Sarić-Krsmanović M, Zagorchev L, Gajić Umiljendić J, Rajković M, Radivojević L, Teofanova D, Božić D, Vrbničanin S. Variability in Early Seed Development of 26 Populations of Cuscuta campestris Yunck.: The Significance of Host, Seed Age, Morphological Trait, Light, Temperature, and Genetic Variance. Agronomy. 2022; 12(3):559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030559
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarić-Krsmanović, Marija, Lyuben Zagorchev, Jelena Gajić Umiljendić, Miloš Rajković, Ljiljana Radivojević, Denitsa Teofanova, Dragana Božić, and Sava Vrbničanin. 2022. "Variability in Early Seed Development of 26 Populations of Cuscuta campestris Yunck.: The Significance of Host, Seed Age, Morphological Trait, Light, Temperature, and Genetic Variance" Agronomy 12, no. 3: 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030559