Estimation of the Enzymatic Activity of Haplic Chernozem under Contamination with Oxides and Nitrates of Ag, Bi, Te and Tl
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil Selection
2.2. Experiment Simulation
2.3. Methods for Assessing Enzymatic Activity
2.4. Measurement
2.5. Statistical Processing
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Activity of Oxidoreductases
3.2. Changes in Hydrolase Activity
3.3. Changes in the Integral Index of Soil Enzymatic Activity (IIEA)
4. Discussion
4.1. Informative Value of Biological Indicators
4.2. Sensitivity of Biological Indicators
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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№ | List of Determined Enzymes | EC | Methods of Measurement |
---|---|---|---|
Class of oxidoreductases | |||
1. | activity of catalase | EC 1.11.1.6. | by the volume of decomposed oxygen during the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, mL O2/1 g of soil dry/1 min |
2. | activity of dehydrogenases | EC 1.1.1 | for the reduction of tetrazolium salts to formazan, mg triphenylformazan (TPF)/10 g of soil dry/24 h |
Class of hydrolases | |||
3. | activity of invertase (β-fructofuranosidase) | EC 3.2.1.26 | by the amount of glucose during the hydrolysis of sucrose, colorimetrically, using Felling’s reagent, mg glucose/10 g of soil dry/24 h |
4. | activity of urease (amidohydrolase) | EC 3.5.1.5. | by the amount of ammonia with Nessler’s reagent, with hydrolysis of carbamide, mg NH4+/10 g of soil dry/24 h |
5. | activity of phosphatase | EC 3.1.3.1-2 | by the amount of inorganic phosphorus during hydrolysis of sodium nitrophenol phosphate, µg p-nitrophenol/1 g of soil dry/1 h |
Biological Indicators | Ag | Bi | Tl | Te | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxide | Nitrate | Oxide | Nitrate | Oxide | Nitrate | Oxide | Nitrate | |
Catalase activity | −0.81 * | −0.67 * | −0.89 * | −0.51 | −0.65 | −0.81 * | −0.88 * | −0.76 * |
Dehydrogenase activity | −0.89 | −0.70 * | −0.67 * | −0.64 | −0.73 * | −0.70 * | −0.82 * | −0.62 |
Phosphatase activity | −0.45 | −0.95 * | −0.71 * | −0.68 | −0.83 * | −0.79 | −0.96 ** | −0.73 * |
Invertase activity | −0.98 * | −0.90 ** | −0.80 | −1.00 ** | −0.62 | −0.99 ** | −0.84 * | −0.93 ** |
Urease activity | −0.82 * | −0.79 * | −0.90 | −0.71 * | −0.95 ** | −0.89 * | −0.60 | −0.89 ** |
IIEA | −0.85 * | −0.82 * | −0.84 * | −0.86 * | −0.80 * | −0.87 * | −0.89 * | −0.83 * |
Biological Indicators | Ag | Bi | Tl | Te | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oxide | Nitrate | Oxide | Nitrate | Oxide | Nitrate | Oxide | Nitrate | |
Catalase activity | 74 | 62 | 81 | 65 | 60 | 51 | 70 | 50 |
Dehydrogenase activity | 88 | 77 | 81 | 76 | 73 | 54 | 82 | 47 |
Phosphatase activity | 63 | 91 | 80 | 62 | 98 | 47 | 97 | 33 |
Invertase activity | 82 | 88 | 87 | 77 | 83 | 83 | 87 | 74 |
Urease activity | 82 | 99 | 85 | 96 | 98 | 91 | 103 | 96 |
IIEA | 78 | 83 | 83 | 75 | 82 | 65 | 88 | 60 |
Metal | Rare Metal’s Content in Soil, mg/kg | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ag | <0.197 | 0.197–0.395 | 0.395–3.206 | >3.206 |
Bi | <0.513 | 0.513–0.968 | 0.968–6.522 | >6.522 |
Tl | <0.376 | 0.376–0.601 | 0.601–2.454 | >2.454 |
Te | <0.999 | 0.999–1.475 | 1.475–4.753 | >4.753 |
Decrease in soil IIEA | <5% | 5–10% | 10–25% | >25% |
Disturbed ecological functions of the soil | – | Informational | Chemical, physico-chemical, biochemical, holistic | Physical |
Degree of soil pollution | Not polluted | Weakly polluted | Medium polluted | Heavily polluted |
Soil sanitation method | Not required | Phytoremediation, leaching | Chemical melioration | Removal of contaminated soil layer |
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Minnikova, T.; Kolesnikov, S.; Evstegneeva, N.; Timoshenko, A.; Tsepina, N. Estimation of the Enzymatic Activity of Haplic Chernozem under Contamination with Oxides and Nitrates of Ag, Bi, Te and Tl. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092183
Minnikova T, Kolesnikov S, Evstegneeva N, Timoshenko A, Tsepina N. Estimation of the Enzymatic Activity of Haplic Chernozem under Contamination with Oxides and Nitrates of Ag, Bi, Te and Tl. Agronomy. 2022; 12(9):2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092183
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinnikova, Tatiana, Sergey Kolesnikov, Natalia Evstegneeva, Alena Timoshenko, and Natalia Tsepina. 2022. "Estimation of the Enzymatic Activity of Haplic Chernozem under Contamination with Oxides and Nitrates of Ag, Bi, Te and Tl" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092183