Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Experimental Area
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Measurement of Indicators
- (1)
- Soil bulk density and particle composition
- (2)
- Measurement of leaf SPAD
- (3)
- Determination of leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content
- (4)
- Measurement of photosynthetic indexes
- (5)
- Measurement of yield indexes
- (6)
- Measurement of quality indexes
2.4. Data Processing
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Apple Leaf Nutrients
3.2. Apple Leaf SPAD Values
3.3. Apple Light Response Curves
3.4. Photosynthetic Characteristics of Apple Leaves
3.5. Apple Yield and Quality
3.6. Correlation Analysis of Apple Yield and Quality with Physiological Indicators
3.7. Functional Relationship between the Optimal Application Rate of BS and CMC and Yield and Quality Indexes
4. Discussion
- (1)
- The mechanism of BS and CMC in improving soil
- (2)
- Effect of BS and CMC on leaf SPAD
- (3)
- Mechanism of the effect of BS and CMC on enhancing the photosynthetic properties of leaves
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Depth (cm) | Soil Dry Density (g cm−3) | Sticky Grains (%) | Powder (%) | Sand (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 | 1.52 | 0.51 | 3.21 | 96.28 |
20–40 | 1.58 | 1.86 | 8.21 | 90.93 |
40–60 | 1.51 | 0 | 1.41 | 98.59 |
60–80 | 1.53 | 0 | 1.27 | 98.73 |
80–100 | 1.48 | 0 | 0.42 | 99.58 |
100–120 | 1.51 | 0.42 | 4.43 | 95.15 |
Ingredient | Physical Property | Chemical Property | Functions |
---|---|---|---|
Glycine | White or off-white crystalline powder, odorless, with special sweet taste. Soluble in water, not easy to decompose. | Chemical formula C2H5NO2, the constituent amino acid of the endogenous antioxidant reduced glutathione, is one of the simplest structures in the amino acid family. Glycine is able to undergo a variety of chemical reactions with other substances, such as salt formation, esterification and amidation. | Amino acids that can be directly absorbed and utilized by the roots and leaves of crops are absorbed by plants as raw materials for growth hormones, which are involved in the growth and development of plants, can enhance the plant’s ability to adapt to adversity, and have a growth-promoting effect on the plant. |
Proline | White crystal or crystalline powder state, soluble in water, not easy to decompose. | Chemical formula C5H9NO2, a cyclic subamino acid whose molecular structure contains a pyrrolidine ring, which can be converted to glutamic acid in living organisms by the action of proline oxidase. | Roots and leaves of crops can absorb amino acids, which are one of the components of plant proteins and can exist widely in the plant body in a free state, which can enhance the crops’ resilience to adversity (drought, salinity, heat, cold and frost). |
Fulvic acid | Reddish brown or gray-black powdery substance, easily soluble in water. | Humic acid with the molecular weight of a very small organic acid, aqueous solution pH value is usually in the range of 3–5, can reduce water surface tension and reduce contact angle, has certain redox properties. | Can be directly absorbed and utilized by plant roots or leaves, and can adsorb nitrogen in the soil, chelate with phosphorus, transform phosphorus from soil to plant-absorbable form, and transform insoluble potassium to soluble potassium, which can improve plant drought resistance, cold resistance and resistance to pests and diseases, and as a kind of broad-spectrum plant growth regulator, it can effectively promote the growth of plants. |
Bacillus subtilis | A kind of bacillus genus, no pod membrane, with periplasmic flagellum; can move, reproduce faster, and is a kind of aerobic bacteria. | In the process of metabolism, it produces a variety of enzymes, such as protease, α-amylase, cellulase, etc. It can produce active substances such as chytridiomycin, polymyxin, mycobacteriocin, short mycopeptide, etc., which have obvious inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria or endogenous infections of conditionally pathogenic bacteria. | It can decompose organic materials and release nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to improve soil fertility. Forms a probiotic environment in the soil, promotes the formation of granular structure, improves the ability of soil to retain fertilizer and water, and increases soil looseness. Secretion of active substances can stimulate crop-growth-type endogenous hormones; for example, indole acetic acid, gibberellin, and other content increased. |
Sodium alginate oligosaccharides | White or light yellow powder, easily soluble in water, dissolved in water to form a viscous colloidal solution. | Alginate degradation from an oligosaccharide, containing a large number of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups and other functional groups; these functional groups have good water solubility and bioactivity, and can interact with multivalent ions to form hydrogels. | It can increase the porosity of soil, have a regulating effect on the acidity and alkalinity of soil, stimulate the activity of the defense enzyme system in the plant body, promote the development of the plant root system, and improve the absorption and utilization of soil nutrients and water by the plant. As a new type of plant growth regulator, it can promote the growth of the plant, and improve the efficiency of photosynthesis and the efficiency of water utilization. |
Deal with | BS (kg ha−1) | CMC (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|
Y1C1 | 12 | 15 |
Y1C2 | 12 | 22.5 |
Y1C3 | 12 | 30 |
Y2C1 | 24 | 15 |
Y2C2 | 24 | 22.5 |
Y2C3 | 24 | 30 |
Y3C1 | 36 | 15 |
Y3C2 | 36 | 22.5 |
Y3C3 | 36 | 30 |
CK | 0 | 0 |
Experimental Treatments | α | LCP (µmol m−2 s−1) | LSP (µmol m−2 s−1) | Rd (µmol m−2 s−1) | Pnmax (µmol m−2 s−1) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y1C1 | 0.049 | 43.92867 | 1620.956 | 2.164 | 16.2871 | 0.9991 |
Y1C2 | 0.064 | 47.42824 | 1689.886 | 3.047 | 17.92024 | 0.9993 |
Y1C3 | 0.063 | 43.42894 | 1757.698 | 2.753 | 16.96672 | 0.9982 |
Y2C1 | 0.067 | 48.52862 | 1469.893 | 3.231 | 19.40255 | 0.9948 |
Y2C2 | 0.069 | 43.38928 | 1539.73 | 2.973 | 20.28507 | 0.9964 |
Y2C3 | 0.072 | 41.73269 | 1606.801 | 3.014 | 18.13575 | 0.9971 |
Y3C1 | 0.056 | 51.7857 | 1874.962 | 2.885 | 17.72405 | 0.9943 |
Y3C2 | 0.054 | 47.35235 | 1448.919 | 2.559 | 19.02897 | 0.9893 |
Y3C3 | 0.053 | 48.42088 | 1705.706 | 2.582 | 17.26578 | 0.9922 |
CK | 0.047 | 41.52662 | 1413.831 | 1.959 | 15.25137 | 0.9966 |
Treatment | Titratable Acid (g kg−1) | Reducing Sugar (g kg−1) | Soluble Solids (%) | VC (mg 100 g−1) | Yield (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y1C1 | 3.62 ± 0.10 b | 133.83 ± 4.93 cd | 14.57 ± 0.17 bc | 12.16 ± 0.22 cd | 38,070 ± 2792.42 ab |
Y1C2 | 3.50 ± 0.11 bc | 139.41 ± 4.62 bcd | 15.70 ± 0.08 ab | 11.90 ± 0.36 cde | 40,050 ± 1402.00 ab |
Y1C3 | 3.65 ± 0.08 b | 132.46 ± 1.59 cd | 15.43 ± 0.50 ab | 10.98 ± 0.55 e | 38,100 ± 2042.20 b |
Y2C1 | 3.35 ± 0.11 bc | 150.77 ± 4.33 ab | 15.40 ± 0.37 ab | 13.85 ± 0.13 ab | 40,620 ± 750.60 ab |
Y2C2 | 3.28 ± 0.07 c | 154.72 ± 3.89 a | 16.40 ± 0.29 a | 14.43 ± 0.42 a | 43,890 ± 1571.50 a |
Y2C3 | 3.37 ± 0.15 bc | 152.35 ± 4.66 ab | 16.13 ± 0.54 a | 14.13 ± 0.20 a | 40,350 ± 2460.73 ab |
Y3C1 | 3.67 ± 0.08 b | 136.70 ± 2.14 cd | 13.87 ± 0.37 cd | 12.96 ± 0.44 bc | 41,460 ± 2448.63 a |
Y3C2 | 3.53 ± 0.07 bc | 146.27 ± 6.70 abc | 15.27 ± 0.49 ab | 12.65 ± 0.23 c | 42,480 ± 2682.95 a |
Y3C3 | 3.64 ± 0.11 b | 140.60 ± 5.93 bcd | 14.73 ± 0.37 bc | 12.44 ± 0.39 cd | 38,730 ± 1837.61 ab |
CK | 4.03 ± 0.10 a | 128.43 ± 2.37 d | 13.60 ± 0.16 d | 11.51 ± 0.30 de | 34,392 ± 837.38 c |
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Zheng, M.; Mu, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, J.; Bai, Y.; Sun, Y.; Lu, Z.; Wei, X. Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071403
Zheng M, Mu W, Wang Q, Zhang J, Bai Y, Sun Y, Lu Z, Wei X. Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples. Agronomy. 2024; 14(7):1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071403
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Ming, Weiyi Mu, Quanjiu Wang, Jianghui Zhang, Yungang Bai, Yan Sun, Zhenlin Lu, and Xuesong Wei. 2024. "Case Study on the Effects of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Biostimulants on Physiological and Photosynthetic Characteristics, Yield, and Quality of Apples" Agronomy 14, no. 7: 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071403