Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Typical Green Tea Plantations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Soil Collection, and Chemical Analysis
2.2. Spatial Analysis Methods
2.3. Potentially Toxic Elements Source Apportionment Models
2.4. Potentially Toxic Elements Risk Assessment Models
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Properties and Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils and Tea Leaves
3.2. Spatial Characteristics of Potentially Toxic Elements in Tea Garden Soil
3.2.1. Spatial Structure Characteristics of Potentially Toxic Elements in Tea Garden Soil
3.2.2. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Potentially Toxic Elements in Tea Garden Soil
3.3. Source of Potentially Toxic Elements in Tea Garden Soil
3.4. Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Risks in Tea Garden Soil
3.4.1. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment
3.4.2. Human Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Parameter Meaning and Unit | Adult | Children |
---|---|---|---|
OSIR | daily soil intake (mg d−1) | 100 | 200 |
ED | exposure duration (a) | 24 | 6 |
BW | body weight (kg) | 61.8 | 19.2 |
SAE | exposed skin area (cm2) | 5374 | 2848 |
SSAR | soil adherence factor to skin (mg cm−2 d−1) | 0.07 | 0.2 |
EV | daily skin contact event frequency (d a−1) | 1 | 1 |
EF | exposure frequency (d a−1) | 350 | 350 |
PM10 | particulate matter concentration in air (mg m−3) | 0.119 | 0.119 |
DAIR | daily inhalation volume of air (m3 d−1) | 14.5 | 7.5 |
AF | proportion of inhaled soil particles retained in the body | 0.75 | 0.75 |
fspo | proportion of soil particles in outdoor air | 0.8 | 0.8 |
fs | proportion of soil particles in indoor air | 0.5 | 0.5 |
EFO | outdoor exposure frequency (d a−1) | 87.5 | 87.5 |
EFI | indoor exposure frequency (d a−1) | 262.5 | 262.5 |
AT | non-carcinogenic effect average time (d) | 8760 | 2190 |
AT | carcinogenic effect average time (d) | 27,740 | 27,740 |
ABSo | oral intake absorption efficiency factor | 1 | 1 |
ABSd | dermal contact absorption efficiency factor | As: 0.03, others: 0.001 |
PTEs | RfD/(mg kg−1·d−1) | SF/(mg kg−1·d−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Ingestion | Inhalation | Dermal Contact | Oral Ingestion | Inhalation | Dermal Contact | |
Cd | 1.00 × 10−3 | 1.00 × 10−3 | 2.50 × 10−5 | 0.38 | 6.1 | 0.38 |
As | 3.00 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 3.50 × 10−4 | 1.5 | 18.3 | 1.5 |
Cr | 3.00 × 10−3 | 2.86 × 10−5 | 7.50 × 10−5 | 42 | ||
Pb | 3.50 × 10−3 | 3.50 × 10−3 | 5.30 × 10−5 | |||
Hg | 3.00 × 10−4 | 8.57 × 10−5 | 2.10 × 10−5 |
Soil Index | Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV | Background Value a | Screening Value a | Exceedance Rate | K-S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 4.06 | 4.78 | 4.39 | 0.19 | 4.31 | 0.85 | |||
SOM | 6.45 | 46.60 | 32.06 | 8.20 | 25.58 | 0.99 | |||
Cd | 0.05 | 1.49 | 0.19 | 0.25 | 132.43 | 0.20 | 0.3 | 6.48 | 0.52 * |
Cr | 23.10 | 62.50 | 32.70 | 9.07 | 27.74 | 90 | 150 | 0 | 0.28 ** |
Pb | 16.80 | 66.60 | 36.03 | 9.74 | 27.04 | 35 | 70 | 0 | 0.53 |
Hg | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 49.08 | 0.15 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.26 |
As | 8.09 | 33.60 | 12.50 | 4.64 | 34.43 | 15 | 40 | 0 | 0.18 ** |
Plant Index | Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV | Tea Safety Standard * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 0.003 | 0.058 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 77.72 | 1.0 |
Cr | 0.037 | 0.550 | 0.293 | 0.106 | 35.99 | 5.0 |
Pb | 0.083 | 0.400 | 0.220 | 0.066 | 29.85 | 5.0 |
Hg | 0.010 | 0.015 | 0.0104 | 0.001 | 10.09 | 0.3 |
As | 0.079 | 0.210 | 0.139 | 0.034 | 24.64 | 2.0 |
Soil Index | Model | Nugget | Sill | Range (m) | Nugget/Sill (%) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | Exponential | 37.7 | 92.4 | 657.00 | 40.8 | 0.574 |
Cr | Gaussian | 0.0055 | 0.0749 | 95.26 | 7.3 | 0.612 |
Pb | Linear | 29.6031 | 94.9838 | 719.56 | 31.2 | 0.615 |
Hg | Gaussian | 0.00011 | 0.00052 | 400.10 | 21.2 | 0.944 |
As | Gaussian | 6.4 | 26.42 | 398.37 | 24.2 | 0.577 |
Soil Index | pH | SOM | Cd | Cr | Pb | Hg | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1.000 | ||||||
SOM | 0.189 | 1.000 | |||||
Cd | 0.471 ** | 0.324 * | 1.000 | ||||
Cr | 0.020 | −0.555 ** | 0.063 | 1.000 | |||
Pb | 0.388 ** | 0.714 ** | 0.650 ** | −0.477 ** | 1.000 | ||
Hg | −0.022 | 0.177 | 0.007 | −0.046 | 0.081 | 1.000 | |
As | 0.049 | −0.625 ** | −0.096 | 0.895 ** | −0.536 ** | −0.144 | 1.000 |
Soil Index | Min | Max | Mean | Ecological Risk |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 7.05 | 223.5 | 28.28 | Low potential risk |
Cr | 0.51 | 1.39 | 0.73 | Low potential risk |
Pb | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.07 | Low potential risk |
Hg | 4.00 | 18.02 | 8.52 | Low potential risk |
As | 5.39 | 22.10 | 8.99 | Low potential risk |
RI | 26.24 | 246.59 | 46.58 | Mild ecological hazard |
Index | HQois | HQdcs | HQpis | HQ | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | ||
Cd | Mean | 5.85 × 10−4 | 3.77 × 10−3 | 8.80 × 10−5 | 4.29 × 10−4 | 4.35 × 10−6 | 7.25 × 10−6 | 6.77 × 10−4 | 4.20 × 10−3 |
Max | 4.62 × 10−3 | 2.98 × 10−2 | 6.96 × 10−4 | 3.39 × 10−3 | 3.44 × 10−5 | 5.73 × 10−5 | 5.35 × 10−3 | 3.32 × 10−2 | |
Cr | Mean | 3.38 × 10−2 | 2.18 × 10−1 | 5.09 × 10−1 | 2.48 × 10−2 | 2.64 × 10−2 | 4.40 × 10−2 | 6.53 × 10−2 | 2.86 × 10−1 |
Max | 6.47 × 10−2 | 4.16 × 10−1 | 9.73 × 10−1 | 4.74 × 10−2 | 5.05 × 10−2 | 8.40 × 10−2 | 1.25 × 10−1 | 5.48 × 10−1 | |
Pb | Mean | 3.19 × 10−2 | 2.06 × 10−1 | 7.94 × 10−1 | 3.87 × 10−2 | 2.38 × 10−4 | 3.96 × 10−4 | 4.01 × 10−2 | 2.45 × 10−1 |
Max | 5.91 × 10−2 | 3.80 × 10−1 | 1.47 × 10−2 | 7.15 × 10−2 | 4.39 × 10−4 | 7.32 × 10−4 | 7.42 × 10−2 | 4.52 × 10−1 | |
Hg | Mean | 4.41 × 10−4 | 2.84 × 10−3 | 2.37 × 10−5 | 1.15 × 10−4 | 1.15 × 10−5 | 1.91 × 10−5 | 4.76 × 104 | 2.97 × 10−3 |
Max | 9.32 × 10−4 | 6.00 × 10−3 | 5.01 × 10−5 | 2.44 × 10−4 | 2.43 × 10−5 | 4.04 × 10−5 | 1.01 × 10−3 | 6.28 × 10−3 | |
As | Mean | 1.39 × 10−1 | 8.98 × 10−1 | 1.57 × 10−2 | 7.67 × 10−2 | 1.04 × 10−3 | 1.73 × 10−3 | 1.56 × 10−1 | 9.76 × 10−1 |
Max | 3.48 × 10−1 | 2.24 | 3.92 × 10−2 | 1.91 × 10−1 | 2.59 × 10−3 | 4.31 × 10−3 | 3.89 × 10−1 | 2.43 | |
THI | Mean | 2.06 × 10−1 | 1.33 | 2.89 × 10−2 | 1.41 × 10−1 | 2.77 × 10−2 | 4.61 × 10−2 | 2.63 × 10−1 | 1.51 |
Max | 4.30 × 10−1 | 2.77 | 5.33 × 10−2 | 2.60 × 10−1 | 5.32 × 10−2 | 8.86 × 10−2 | 5.37 × 10−1 | 3.12 |
Index | CRois | CRdcs | CRpis | CR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | ||
Cd | Mean | 3.51 × 10−8 | 5.65 × 10−8 | 1.32 × 10−10 | 1.61 × 10−10 | 4.19 × 10−9 | 1.74 × 10−9 | 3.94 × 10−8 | 5.84 × 10−8 |
Max | 2.77 × 10−7 | 4.46 × 10−7 | 1.04 × 10−9 | 1.27 × 10−9 | 3.31 × 10−8 | 1.38 × 10−8 | 3.11 × 10−7 | 4.61 × 10−7 | |
As | Mean | 9.91 × 10−6 | 1.59 × 10−5 | 1.12 × 10−6 | 1.36 × 10−6 | 8.99 × 10−7 | 3.74 × 10−7 | 1.19 × 10−5 | 1.76 × 10−5 |
Max | 2.47 × 10−5 | 3.97 × 10−5 | 2.79 × 10−6 | 3.40 × 10−6 | 2.24 × 10−6 | 9.33 × 10−7 | 2.97 × 10−5 | 4.40 × 10−5 | |
Cr | Mean | 5.01 × 10−6 | 2.08 × 10−6 | 5.01 × 10−6 | 2.08 × 10−6 | ||||
Max | 9.57 × 10−6 | 3.98 × 10−6 | 9.57 × 10−6 | 3.98 × 10−6 | |||||
TCR | Mean | 9.95 × 10−6 | 1.60 × 10−5 | 1.12 × 10−6 | 1.36 × 10−6 | 5.91 × 10−6 | 2.46 × 10−6 | 1.70 × 10−5 | 1.98 × 10−5 |
Max | 2.50 × 10−5 | 4.01 × 10−5 | 2.79 × 10−6 | 3.40 × 10−6 | 1.18 × 10−5 | 4.93 × 10−6 | 3.94 × 10−5 | 4.81 × 10−5 |
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Xu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Shafi, A.; He, M.; He, L.; Liu, D. Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Typical Green Tea Plantations. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081599
Xu Y, Wang Y, Shafi A, He M, He L, Liu D. Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Typical Green Tea Plantations. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081599
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yaonan, Ying Wang, Abbas Shafi, Mingjiang He, Lizhi He, and Dan Liu. 2024. "Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis and Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils of Typical Green Tea Plantations" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081599