The Carbon Footprint and Influencing Factors of the Main Grain Crops in the North China Plain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Calculation of Agricultural Carbon Emissions
3. Results
3.1. Crop Yield and Sown Area
3.2. Carbon Footprint
3.2.1. Area-Scaled Carbon Footprint
3.2.2. Yield-Scaled Carbon Footprint
3.3. Agricultural Carbon Emissions from Different Agricultural Carbon Sources
3.4. Carbon Efficiency of Crop Production
3.5. Main Influencing Factors of Agricultural Carbon Emissions
4. Discussions
4.1. Changes in Maize, Wheat, and Rice Yields, Sown Area, and Agricultural Inputs in the NCP
4.2. Changes in the CF of Maize, Wheat, and Rice Production in the NCP and Their Influence Factors
4.3. Carbon Emission Reduction Measures and Prospects for Grain Crops in the NCP
4.4. Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agricultural Input | Emission Factor | |
---|---|---|
Unit | Value | |
Nitrogen fertilizer | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 1.53 |
Phosphate fertilizer | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 1.63 |
Potassic fertilizer | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 0.66 |
Compound fertilizer | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 1.77 |
Pesticide | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 12.5 |
Electricity for irrigation | kg CO2-eq kWh−1 | 1.23 |
Diesel | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 0.89 |
Plastic film | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 22 |
Seed | kg CO2-eq kg−1 | 0.58 |
Labor | kg CO2-eq day−1 | 0.86 |
Year | ΔCI | ΔPI | ΔSI | ΔEI | ΔLI | ΔCtotal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013–2014 | 53.5 | 34.7 | 45.7 | 8.8 | −7.2 | 135.5 |
2014–2015 | 521.2 | −486.0 | 6.9 | 60.5 | −43.3 | 59.2 |
2015–2016 | 69.3 | −54.6 | −46.0 | 20.4 | −22.2 | −33.0 |
2016–2017 | −177.0 | 565.3 | −32.9 | −35.9 | −58.2 | 261.2 |
2017–2018 | −202.0 | −30.8 | 57.9 | 153.3 | −90.4 | −112.0 |
2018–2019 | −249.3 | 174.1 | −126.8 | 144.5 | −61.6 | −119.1 |
2019–2020 | −173.6 | −15.9 | 130.2 | 231.6 | −82.3 | 89.9 |
2020–2021 | −272.3 | 227.1 | −93.1 | 158.8 | −34.4 | −14.0 |
2021–2022 | −77.6 | −117.1 | 132.8 | 118.6 | −23.6 | 33.1 |
Total | −507.8 | 296.8 | 74.6 | 860.5 | −423.3 | 300.8 |
Year | ΔCI | ΔPI | ΔSI | ΔEI | ΔLI | ΔCtotal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | −56.4 | 77.6 | 65.6 | 12.6 | −10.3 | 89.1 |
2015 | −36.8 | 31.9 | 9.5 | 83.5 | −59.8 | 28.3 |
2016 | 61.6 | 38.5 | −63.9 | 28.4 | −30.8 | 33.8 |
2017 | −3.7 | 300.6 | −44.3 | −48.3 | −78.3 | 126.0 |
2018 | 34.2 | −275.9 | 75.1 | 198.9 | −117.3 | −84.9 |
2019 | −56.7 | 61.8 | −170.7 | 194.6 | −83.0 | −54.0 |
2020 | 31.5 | −383.7 | 175.8 | 312.6 | −111.1 | 25.0 |
2021 | 3.8 | 29.7 | −125.6 | 214.1 | −46.4 | 75.6 |
2022 | −23.6 | −260.5 | 182.1 | 162.7 | −32.3 | 28.4 |
Total | −46.0 | −379.9 | 103.6 | 1159.1 | −569.5 | 267.3 |
Year | ΔCI | ΔPI | ΔSI | ΔEI | ΔLI | ΔCtotal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | −45.9 | 30.3 | 22.4 | 4.3 | −3.5 | 7.6 |
2015 | −4.2 | −18.3 | 3.1 | 27.7 | −19.8 | −11.5 |
2016 | −14.8 | 22.2 | −20.5 | 9.1 | −9.9 | −13.9 |
2017 | 46.9 | −20.1 | −13.3 | −14.5 | −23.6 | −24.7 |
2018 | 72.6 | −106.4 | 22.2 | 58.8 | −34.7 | 12.5 |
2019 | 2.1 | 31.2 | −53.1 | 60.5 | −25.8 | 15.0 |
2020 | −3.1 | −116.0 | 55.6 | 98.9 | −35.2 | 0.2 |
2021 | 34.1 | −44.5 | −39.0 | 66.4 | −14.4 | 2.7 |
2022 | −18.8 | −93.7 | 54.6 | 48.8 | −9.7 | −18.8 |
Total | 68.9 | −315.3 | 32.1 | 360.0 | −176.6 | −30.9 |
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Sun, T.; Li, H.; Wang, C.; Li, R.; Zhao, Z.; Guo, B.; Yao, L.; Gao, X. The Carbon Footprint and Influencing Factors of the Main Grain Crops in the North China Plain. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081720
Sun T, Li H, Wang C, Li R, Zhao Z, Guo B, Yao L, Gao X. The Carbon Footprint and Influencing Factors of the Main Grain Crops in the North China Plain. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081720
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Tao, Hongjie Li, Congxin Wang, Ran Li, Zichao Zhao, Bing Guo, Li Yao, and Xinhao Gao. 2024. "The Carbon Footprint and Influencing Factors of the Main Grain Crops in the North China Plain" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1720. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081720