Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Rainwater Storage System
2.3. Data and Methods
2.3.1. Calculation of Rainwater Harvesting
2.3.2. Rainwater Tank Size
2.3.3. Crop Irrigation Stage
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis of Rainfall
2.3.5. Evaluation of Rainwater Tank Size and Production Effects under Different Water Supply Scenarios
2.3.6. Simulation Method
3. Results
3.1. Impact of Rainwater Tank Size on Water Demand Satisfaction for Kidney Bean Fields
3.2. Impact of Irrigation Frequency on The Water Demand Satisfaction Rate of Kidney Bean Fields
3.3. Effect of Rainwater Tank Size and Water Supply under Partial Annual Rainfall
3.4. Influence of An Expanding Water Source on Rainwater Tank Size and Water Supply
4. Discussion
4.1. Minimum Rainwater Tank Size of Water Storage Facilities
4.2. Enhanced Utilization of Multi-Year Precipitation Data
4.3. Selected Crop Irrigation Scheme
4.4. Supplementary Water Source to Ensure Stable Agricultural Production
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage | Start Date–End Date | Duration (d) | Irrigation Depth (1) (cm) | Irrigation Quota (2) (mm) | Unit Water Consumption (mm·d−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 6.08–6.26 | 19 | 20 | 11.4 | 0.6 |
II | 6.27–7.03 | 7 | 40 | 13.8 | 2.0 |
III | 7.04–7.12 | 9 | 40 | 18.8 | 2.1 |
IV | 7.13–7.22 | 10 | 40 | 31.0 | 3.1 |
V | 7.23–7.30 | 8 | 40 | 26.0 | 3.3 |
VI | 7.31–8.07 | 8 | 40 | 27.4 | 3.4 |
VII | 8.08–8.16 | 9 | 40 | 34.0 | 3.8 |
VIII | 8.17–8.25 | 9 | 40 | 31.9 | 3.5 |
IX | 8.26–9.03 | 9 | 40 | 31.3 | 3.5 |
Irrigation stage | 6.08–9.03 | 88 | 40 | 225.6 | 2.6 |
Growth Stage | Start Date–End Date | Day (d) | Ky(1) |
---|---|---|---|
Seeding stage | 6.08–7.03 | 26 | 0.2 |
Flowering—fruit stage | 7.04–7.22 | 19 | 1.1 |
Fruiting stage | 7.23–8.16 | 25 | 0.75 |
Picking stage | 8.17–9.03 | 18 | 0.6 |
Total time | 6.08–9.03 | 88 | 1.15 |
Item | Irrigation Stage | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | I–IX | |
Start date–End date (m.dd–m.dd) | 6.08–6.26 | 6.27–7.03 | 7.04–7.12 | 7.13–7.22 | 7.23–7.30 | 7.31–8.07 | 8.08–8.16 | 8.17–8.25 | 8.26–9.04 | 6.08–9.03 | |
Water demand (m3) | 2.7 | 3.3 | 4.5 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 54.1 | |
RWH volume (m3) | 7.7 | 3.8 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 2.7 | 47.0 | |
Supply rate (2) (%) | V1 | 292.1 | 241.3 | 177.1 | 107.4 | 118.6 | 109.8 | 63.0 | 63.9 | 67.9 | 89.8 |
V2 | 343.0 | 434.1 | 330.2 | 211.5 | 242.7 | 227.6 | 157.9 | 125.6 | 94.0 | 104.1 | |
Demand rate (3) (%) | V1 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 63.0 | 63.9 | 67.9 | 84.9 |
V2 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 94.0 | 99.2 | |
Water scarcity (m3) | V1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 8.2 |
V2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
Water discharge (m3) | V1 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.4 |
V2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Yield reduction rate (%) | V1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.8 | 20.5 | 29.1 | |||||
V2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Tank Size (m3) | Irrigation Times (Time) | Supply Rate (%) | Demand Rate (%) | Water Discharge (m3) | Water Scarcity (m3) | Yield Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8.0 | 9.0 | 89.8 | 84.9 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 29.1 |
14.0 | 89.8 | 86.5 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 27.2 | |
20.0 | 89.8 | 87.3 | 7.8 | 6.9 | 27.1 | |
35.0 | 89.8 | 88.2 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 25.1 | |
88.0 | 89.8 | 89.4 | 7.8 | 5.7 | 22.7 | |
12.0 | 9.0 | 97.2 | 92.3 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 16.6 |
14.0 | 97.2 | 93.3 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 12.9 | |
20.0 | 97.2 | 94.7 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 11.3 | |
35.0 | 97.2 | 95.6 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 9.3 | |
88.0 | 97.2 | 96.8 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 6.8 | |
15.7 | 9.0 | 104.1 | 99.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
14.0 | 104.1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
20.0 | 104.1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
35.0 | 104.1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
88.0 | 104.1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Scenarios | Typical Year | Growth Rainfall (m3) | Water Storage (1) (m3) | Minimum Size (2) (m3) | Water Scarcity (m3) | Supply Rate (%) | Yield Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dry year | 1997 | 18.0 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 32.9 | 40.6 | 88.0 |
2002 | 30.1 | 11.0 | 17.2 | 14.4 | 67.7 | 48.5 | |
2022 | 33.6 | 3.2 | 8.4 | 22.7 | 58.7 | 74.9 | |
Normal year | 2000 | 43.2 | 15.9 | 20.4 | 3.8 | 97.2 | 14.8 |
2005 | 52.6 | 12.5 | 20.0 | 1.3 | 105.8 | 4.5 | |
2012 | 56.6 | 11.9 | 18.6 | 5.9 | 110.9 | 23.2 | |
Wet year | 1994 | 102.1 | 10.5 | 53.2 | 0.0 | 179.8 | 0.0 |
1995 | 87.9 | 4.6 | 33.5 | 0.0 | 146.6 | 0.0 | |
1998 | 60.8 | 19.4 | 41.4 | 0.0 | 131.3 | 0.0 |
Precipitation Statistical Method | Rainwater Tank Size (m3) | Supply Rate (%) | Demand Rate (%) | Water Scarcity (m3) | Water Discharge (m3) | Water (2) Inventory (m3) | Yield Reduction Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 years of mean daily precipitation | 15.7 | 104.1 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 |
20-year precipitation at 80% probability (3) | 8.0 | 80.8 | 78.7 | 11.5 | 17.7 | 1.8 | 41.1 |
9.0 | 83.2 | 80.9 | 10.4 | 16.4 | 1.9 | 36.7 | |
10.0 | 85.5 | 83.0 | 9.2 | 15.1 | 2.0 | 32.8 | |
12.0 | 89.7 | 86.6 | 7.3 | 12.8 | 2.4 | 29.0 | |
29.5 | 109.4 | 95.4 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 8.2 | 9.4 | |
53.2 | 113.4 | 95.4 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 10.4 | 9.4 | |
25 years of annual precipitation (4) | 8.0 | 75.5 | 73.8 | 14.2 | 15.5 | 1.6 | 48.3 |
9.0 | 77.8 | 75.9 | 13.1 | 14.3 | 1.7 | 44.5 | |
10.0 | 79.9 | 77.9 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 1.8 | 40.9 | |
12.0 | 83.9 | 81.4 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 2.0 | 39.9 | |
29.5 | 100.9 | 89.7 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 6.7 | 18.6 | |
53.2 | 104.1 | 89.7 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 8.5 | 18.6 |
Area (3) | Area (4) Ratio | Harvesting rate (%) | Stacking Water Collection in Sequence | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% Yield Reduction Rate | 15% Yield Reduction Rate | ||||||||||
Size (5) | Tank Size | Water Scarcity | Water Discharge | Inventory | Tank Size | Water Scarcity | Water Discharge | Inventory | |||
(m3) | (m3) | (m3) | (m3) | (m3) | (m3) | (m3) | (m3) | (m3) | |||
Shed | 1.0 | 85.0 | - | 20.3 | 2.8 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 17.0 | 3.8 | 8.0 | 3.8 |
Shed space | 0.2 | 75.0 | - | 15.4 | 2.8 | 16.4 | 4.6 | 13.5 | 3.9 | 18.4 | 3.7 |
Road | 0.1 | 75.0 | 22.0 | 14.5 | 2.7 | 20.7 | 4.7 | 13.0 | 3.6 | 22.5 | 4.0 |
Rooftop | 0.1 | 90.0 | 20.0 | 13.5 | 2.8 | 26.4 | 4.7 | 12.0 | 3.7 | 28.1 | 3.9 |
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Sun, M.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Z.; Ran, J.; Han, Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, H.; Zhang, L. Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081767
Sun M, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ran J, Han Y, Zhang J, Li H, Zhang L. Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081767
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Mengmeng, Jizong Zhang, Zhihui Wang, Jingxin Ran, Yunjie Han, Jianheng Zhang, Huibin Li, and Lifeng Zhang. 2024. "Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081767