Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency in China under Different Production Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Data Classification
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Effect Size Calculation
2.3.2. Heterogeneity and Bias Testing
2.4. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Comprehensive Effect Size Calculation and Tests for Heterogeneity and Bias
3.2. The Impact of Climate Conditions on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency under Straw Incorporation
3.3. The Impact of Soil Factors on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency under Straw Incorporation
3.4. The Impact of Key Field Management Practices on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency under Straw Incorporation
3.5. Correlation Analysis and Relative Importance Ranking of the Impact of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency
4. Discussion
4.1. Overall Impact of Returning Straw to Fields on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency
4.2. Impact of Climatic Conditions on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency with Straw Incorporation
4.3. Impact of Soil Conditions on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency with Straw Incorporation
4.4. Impact of Field Management Practices on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency with Straw Incorporation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Definition | Data Type/Unit |
---|---|---|
Title | Title of Each Study | Text |
Latitude and longitude | Latitude and longitude of each study site | Text |
Rainfall during growth period | The total amount of precipitation received during the entire growth cycle of maize | mm |
Average temperature during growing season | The mean temperature recorded throughout the maize growing period | °C |
Yearly sunshine hours | The total amount of sunlight received in a year | h |
Soil texture | The composition of soil based on the proportions of sand, silt, and clay | Text |
Soil pH | A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil | Data |
Soil organic matter content | The amount of decomposed plant and animal residues in the soil | g·kg−1 |
Dry farming/Irrigation | Farming without supplemental irrigation versus farming with the application of water to maize | Text |
Planting density | The number of maize plants per unit area | ×104·hm−2 |
Nitrogen application rate | The amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied per unit area | kg·hm−2 |
Straw types | Different kinds of crop residues | Text |
Amount of straw incorporation to field | The quantity of straw residues incorporated back into the soil | kg·hm−2 |
Forms of Straw Incorporation | The various methods used to incorporate straw into the soil | Text |
Yield | The total production of maize per unit area | kg·hm−2 |
Water Use Efficiency | The ratio of maize yield to the amount of water used | kg/(hm2·mm) |
Natural Factors | Field Management Measures | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weather Condition | Soil Properties | Planting Density/(×104·hm−2) | Nitrogen Application Rate/(kg·hm−2) | Amount of Straw Incorporation to Field/(kg·hm−2) | Forms of Straw Incorporation | ||||
Rainfall during Growth Period/mm | Average Temperature during Growing Season/°C | Yearly Sunshine Hours/h | Soil Texture | Soil pH | Soil Organic Matter Content/(g·kg−1) | ||||
<400 | <19 | <2200 | Clay | <6.5 | <10 | <5.25 | <120 | <6000 | Mulch |
400–600 | 19–23 | 2200–2600 | Loam | 6.5–7.5 | 10–20 | 5.25–6.75 | 120–240 | 6000–9000 | Rotary tillage |
>600 | >23 | >2600 | Sandy | >7.5 | >20 | >6.75 | >240 | 9000–15,000 | Deep cultivation |
>15,000 |
Indicator | Model | Rate of Increase/% | Confidence Interval/% | Q | I2/% | n | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |||||||
Yield | Random effects model | 7.19 | 6.90 | 7.48 | 6184.47 | 91.02 | 659 | 27,881.09 |
Water Use Efficiency | Random effects model | 6.16 | 5.93 | 6.39 | 5629.75 | 90.56 | 485 | 60,265.08 |
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Zhang, X.; Zhao, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, F.; Sun, Y.; Cai, H. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency in China under Different Production Conditions. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081784
Zhang X, Zhao Z, Li Y, Li F, Sun Y, Cai H. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency in China under Different Production Conditions. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081784
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xuegui, Zhengxin Zhao, Yao Li, Fuyang Li, Yanan Sun, and Huanjie Cai. 2024. "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield and Water Use Efficiency in China under Different Production Conditions" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081784