Fungicide Protection as an Agrotechnical Treatment Reducing Nitrogen Gap in Winter Wheat—A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Experimental Design
- 1.
- Two systems of WW protection with fungicides (CP):
- (1)
- without the use of fungicides—CP-0;
- (2)
- using the fungicides—CP-F.
- 2.
- N control plus six doses of applied N fertilizer: 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240 kg ha−1.
2.3. Soil and Plant Sampling
2.4. Calculated Parameters
2.4.1. Nitrogen Gap Indicators
2.4.2. Nitrogen Gain Indicators
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nitrogen Gap—First
3.2. Nitrogen Pools at Harvest
3.3. Nitrogen Gain
3.4. Nitrogen Gap—Second
4. Discussion
4.1. Nitrogen Pools
4.2. Indicators of Inorganic N Economy in the Soil–Winter-Wheat System
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Traits | Nin | PFP-Nin | NG | Ngr | Nhrr | NA | Nminr | Nb | Ng89 | Nint | PFP-Nint | NGt | NR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GY | 0.57 *** | 0.08 | −0.10 | 0.90 *** | 0.33 * | 0.82 *** | 0.49 ** | −0.35* | 0.52 *** | 0.81 *** | 0.20 | −0.09 | 0.49 ** |
Nin | 1.00 | −0.72 *** | −0.88 *** | 0.84 *** | 0.83 *** | 0.90 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.48 ** | −0.24 | 0.89 *** | −0.58 *** | −0.79 *** | −0.35 * |
PFP-Nin | 1.00 | 0.92 *** | −0.30 | −0.78 *** | −0.44 ** | −0.29 | −0.75 *** | 0.61 *** | −0.44 ** | 0.90 *** | 0.85 *** | 0.79 *** | |
NG | 1.00 | −0.49 ** | −0.82 *** | −0.60 | −0.45 *** | −0.80 *** | 0.60 *** | −0.61 *** | 0.82 *** | 0.90 *** | 0.67 *** | ||
Ngr | 1.00 | 0.63 *** | 0.98 *** | 0.62 *** | −0.05 | 0.27 | 0.97 *** | −0.20 | −0.49 ** | 0.15 | |||
Nhrr | 1.00 | 0.77 *** | 0.58 *** | 0.37 *** | −0.14 | 0.77 *** | −0.79 *** | −0.89 *** | −0.21 | ||||
NA | 1.00 | 0.65 *** | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.99 *** | −0.36* | −0.62 *** | 0.08 | |||||
Nminr | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.74 *** | −0.42 ** | −0.63 *** | 0.18 | ||||||
Nb | 1.00 | −0.93 *** | 0.06 | −0.60 *** | −0.55 *** | −0.79 *** | |||||||
Ng89 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 0.42 ** | 0.30 | 0.80 *** | ||||||||
Nint | 1.00 | −0.39 * | −0.66 *** | 0.10 | |||||||||
PFP-Nint | 1.00 | 0.93 *** | 0.55 ** | ||||||||||
NGt | 1.00 | 0.45 ** |
Appendix B
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Soil, cm | pH 1 | Corg 2 | P 3 | K | Mg | Ca | Cu | Mn | Zn | Fe | Nmin 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | mg kg−1 | kg ha−1 | |||||||||
2013/2014 | |||||||||||
0–30 | 6.9 | 1.3 | 234 VH 5 | 231 M | 105 VL | 988 L | 0.4 L | 27.2 L | 3.6 M | 536 H | 86.4 |
30–60 | 6.7 | 1.1 | 234 VH | 237 M | 103 VL | 876 L | 0.4 L | 25.7 L | 3.5 M | 541 H | |
2014/2015 | |||||||||||
0–30 | 7.1 | 2.2 | 185 H | 185 M | 165 M | 2045 M | 3.5 M | 85.5 M | 6.3 H | 268 M | 129 |
30–60 | 7.2 | 2.1 | 161 H | 157 L | 155 L | 2063 M | 3.5 M | 93.8 M | 5.6 H | 26 9 M | |
2015/2016 | |||||||||||
0–30 | 6.6 | 1.6 | 202 VH | 281 M | 165 M | 1480 L | 2.8 M | 61.9 M | 6.1 H | 347 M | 110 |
30–60 | 6.6 | 1.4 | 139 H | 222 M | 163 L | 1504 L | 2.5 M | 62.0 M | 3.7 M | 231 M |
Variable | Level of Variable | Nin | GY | PFP-Nin | YG | NG |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | t ha−1 | kg kg−1 N | t ha−1 | kg ha−1 | ||
Year (Y) | 2014 | 206.3 c | 8.8 b | 48.2 a | −3.7 a | −61.7 a |
2015 | 249.0 a | 11.0 a | 46.5 b | −4.8 b | −68.8 b | |
2016 | 230.0 b | 6.6 c | 31.1 c | −7.4 c | −121.7 c | |
Fc, p | ne | 736 *** | 441 *** | 611 *** | 611 *** | |
Crop Protection | CP-0 | 228.4 | 8.1 b | 38.9 b | −5.8 b | −95.0 b |
(CP) | CP-F | 228.4 | 9.4 a | 45.0 a | −4.4 a | −73.1 a |
Fc, p | ne | 205 *** | 137 *** | 205 *** | 205 *** | |
0 | 108.5 | 6.0 e | 57.0 a | −0.6 a | −9.1 a | |
Nitrogen rates | 40 | 148.5 | 7.8 d | 52.7 b | −1.3 b | −20.9 b |
(N), kg N ha−1 | 80 | 188.5 | 8.7 c | 46.4 c | −2.7 c | −44.8 c |
120 | 228.5 | 9.4 b | 41.0 d | −4.5 d | −74.5 d | |
160 | 268.4 | 9.5 b | 35.4 e | −6.8 e | −111.9 e | |
200 | 308.4 | 9.9 a b | 31.9 f | −8.9 f | −146.0 f | |
240 | 348.5 | 10.2 a | 29.1 f | −11.0 g | −181.4 g | |
Fc, p | ne | 137 *** | 237 *** | 1030 *** | 1030 *** | |
Source of variation for the studied interactions | ||||||
Y × CP | - | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Y × N | - | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
CP × N | - | *** | ns | *** | *** | |
Y × CP × N | - | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Variable | Level of Variable | Ngr | Nhrr | NA | Nminr | Nb | Ng89 | Nint | PFP-Nint | NGt | NR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg N ha−1 | kg kg−1 N | kg N ha−1 | % | ||||||||
Year (Y) | 2014 | 174.9 b | 45.8 b | 220.7 c | 25.7 c | −14.4 b | 40.0 b | 246.3 c | 36.6 a | −22.2 a | 87.5 b |
2015 | 229.9 a | 66.0 a | 295.9 a | 48.4 a | −46.9 c | 95.5 a | 344.4 a | 32.4 b | −64.8 b | 132.2 a | |
2016 | 162.3 c | 68.0 a | 230.2 b | 37.3 b | −0.2 a | 37.5 b | 267.5 b | 25.3 c | −99.3 c | 69.3 c | |
Fc, p | 264 *** | 45.5 *** | 214 *** | 48.9 *** | 73.2 *** | 91.4 *** | 228 *** | 306 *** | 179 *** | 61 *** | |
Crop Protection | CP-0 | 184.4 b | 62.6 a | 237.0 b | 35.8 | −8.6 a | 44.3 b | 272.8 b | 30.5 b | −65.8 b | 94.3 |
(CP) | CP-F | 203.6 a | 57.2 b | 260.9 a | 38.5 | −32.4 b | 70.9 a | 299.4 a | 32.4 a | −58.5 a | 98.4 |
Fc, p | 131 *** | 6.7 * | 54.4 *** | 2.1 ns | 54.5 *** | 45.3 *** | 45.3 *** | 25.4 *** | 4.8 * | 0.7 ns | |
0 | 109.3 f | 34.8 e | 144.1 g | 28.7 d | −35.6 d | 64.3 ab | 172.7 f | 35.4 a | −18.6 a | - | |
Nitrogen rates | 40 | 145.3 e | 49.3 d | 194.5 f | 30.8 cd | −46.1 d | 76.8 a | 225.3 e | 34.4 a | −27.5 a | 134.1 a |
(N), kg N ha−1 | 80 | 171.6 d | 55.1 cd | 226.7 e | 32.7 cd | −38,2 d | 70.9 a | 259.3 d | 33.8 ab | −36.5 ab | 103.2 b |
120 | 195.6 c | 61.7 bc | 257.3 d | 36.0 b–d | −28.8 cd | 64.8 ab | 293.3 c | 32.0 b | −54.5 b | 94.3 bc | |
160 | 214.9 b | 71.1 ab | 286.0 c | 39.1 a–c | −17,6 c | 56.7 ab | 325.1 b | 29.4 c | −82.4 cd | 88.7 c | |
200 | 236.6 a | 70.9 ab | 307.5 b | 45.0 ab | 0.9 b | 44.1 bc | 352.5 a | 27.9 cd | −100.5 cd | 81.7 cd | |
240 | 249.9 a | 76.6 a | 326.6 a | 47.7 a | 21.0 a | 25.8 c | 374.2 a | 27.2 d | −114.9 d | 76.0 d | |
Fc, p | 222 *** | 28.0 *** | 231 *** | 8.3 *** | 32.2 *** | 11.2 *** | 189 *** | 44.4 *** | 72.6 *** | 12.6 *** | |
Source of variation for the studied interactions | |||||||||||
Y × CP | ** | ns | * | * | * | * | * | ** | ns | *** | |
Y × N | *** | ns | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | ns | * | |
CP × N | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | * | ns | ns | ns | |
Y × CP × N | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
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Andrzejewska, A.; Szczepaniak, W.; Szymański, T. Fungicide Protection as an Agrotechnical Treatment Reducing Nitrogen Gap in Winter Wheat—A Case Study. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1785. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081785
Andrzejewska A, Szczepaniak W, Szymański T. Fungicide Protection as an Agrotechnical Treatment Reducing Nitrogen Gap in Winter Wheat—A Case Study. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1785. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081785
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrzejewska, Agnieszka, Witold Szczepaniak, and Tomasz Szymański. 2024. "Fungicide Protection as an Agrotechnical Treatment Reducing Nitrogen Gap in Winter Wheat—A Case Study" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1785. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081785