Converse Responses of Biochar Application on N2O Emissions in Soils at Different pH Values in a Subtropical Citrus Orchard
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Soil and Biochar Characteristics
2.2. pH Regulation
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Chemical Analysis
2.5. PCR Analysis
2.6. Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. N2O Emissions
3.2. Soil Chemical Properties
3.3. Abundance Levels of Different N Functional Genes
3.4. PLS-PM Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Gene | Primer | Sequence (5′-3′) | Annealing Temperature | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
(°C) | ||||
AOA-amoA | CamoA-19f | ATGGTCTGGYTWAGACG | 50 | [28] |
CamoA-616r | GCCATCCABCKRTANGTCCA | |||
AOB-amoA | amoA-1F | GGGGTTTCTACTGGTGGT | 55 | [28] |
amoA-2R | CCCCTCKGSAAAGCCTTCTTC | |||
nirK | 876C | ATYGGCGGVCAYGGCGA | 65 | [29] |
1040 | GCCTCGATCAGRTTRTGGTT | |||
nirS | cd3Af | GTSAACGTSAAGGARACSGG | 65 | [30] |
R3cd | GASTTCGGRTGSGTCTTGA | |||
nosZ | nosLb | CCCGCTGCACACCRCCTTCGA | 60 | [31] |
nosRb | CGTCGCCSGAGATGTCGATCA |
Number | Factor1 | Factor2 | pH | NH4+-N | NO3−-N | TN | SOC | C/N | DOC | DON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | g kg−1 | g kg−1 | mg kg−1 | mg kg−1 | |||||
1 | CK | pH 4.0 | 3.96 i | 16.48 a | 59.96 cd | 1.44 e | 14.83 g | 10.33 bc | 66.60 c | 5.13 d |
2 | pH 5.1 | 5.06 g | 4.35 b | 68.05 ab | 1.67 c | 16.83 de | 10.06 cd | 50.82 ef | 18.19 c | |
3 | pH 5.8 | 5.63 f | 4.10 b | 63.95 bc | 1.58 cd | 15.83 f | 10.03 cd | 50.23 ef | 21.90 bc | |
4 | pH 6.6 | 6.47 d | 4.60 b | 66.25 b | 1.78 b | 17.79 bc | 9.95 cd | 63.84 cd | 40.11 a | |
5 | pH 7.2 | 7.03 b | 4.50 b | 55.3 d | 1.65 c | 16.02 f | 9.79 d | 77.74 b | 44.77 a | |
6 | BC | pH 4.0 | 4.72 h | 4.22 b | 72.57 a | 1.51 de | 16.33 ef | 10.77 ab | 48.79 f | 7.29 d |
7 | pH 5.1 | 5.65 f | 4.45 b | 63.05 bc | 1.66 c | 18.07 b | 10.88 a | 57.05 de | 23.55 bc | |
8 | pH 5.8 | 6.21 e | 4.15 b | 63.15 bc | 1.59 cd | 17.25 cd | 10.83 ab | 68.10 c | 28.14 b | |
9 | pH 6.6 | 6.90 c | 4.80 b | 64.55 bc | 1.87 a | 20.03 a | 10.66 ab | 90.01 a | 46.21 a | |
10 | pH 7.2 | 7.53 a | 4.80 b | 55.65 d | 1.59 cd | 16.77 de | 10.43 abc | 84.45 ab | 47.40 a |
Factors | pH | NH4+-N | NO3−-N | TN | SOC | C/N | DOC | DON |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil pH | 3134.42 *** | 285.62 *** | 12.35 *** | 42.22 *** | 68.06 *** | 2.45 | 49.44 *** | 45.46 *** |
Biochar | 987.75 *** | 276.49 *** | 0.92 | 1.54 | 99.40 *** | 47.71 *** | 11.59 ** | 3.87 |
Soil pH × Biochar | 9.04 *** | 316.62 *** | 7.04 *** | 2.43 | 4.32 * | 0.49 | 25.66 *** | 0.59 |
Factors | AOA-amoA | AOB-amoA | nirk | nirS | nosZ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil pH | 496.96 *** | 810.68 *** | 113.13 *** | 299.172 *** | 91.285 *** |
Biochar | 0.178 | 72.65 *** | 30.01 *** | 37.14 *** | 22.33 *** |
Soil pH × Biochar | 0.849 | 7.79 *** | 10.01 *** | 6.32 ** | 6.76 *** |
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Qian, X.; Chen, H.; Li, Q.; Wang, F. Converse Responses of Biochar Application on N2O Emissions in Soils at Different pH Values in a Subtropical Citrus Orchard. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081831
Qian X, Chen H, Li Q, Wang F. Converse Responses of Biochar Application on N2O Emissions in Soils at Different pH Values in a Subtropical Citrus Orchard. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081831
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian, Xiaojie, Hongmei Chen, Qinghua Li, and Fei Wang. 2024. "Converse Responses of Biochar Application on N2O Emissions in Soils at Different pH Values in a Subtropical Citrus Orchard" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1831. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081831