Soil and Plant Nitrogen Management Indices Related to Within-Field Spatial Variability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Location and Site Description
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Agrotechnics Practices
2.4. Plant Sampling
2.5. Soil Samples Analysis
2.6. Plant Samples Analysis
2.7. Plant Nitrogen Management Indices
- Total N accumulation,
- 2.
- N harvest index,
- 3.
- Unit N uptake,
- 4.
- Unit N productivity,
- 5.
- Partial factor productivity of N input,
- 6.
- N fertilizers balance,
- 7.
- Efficiency of N fertilization,
- 8.
- N input from soil and fertilizers,
- 9.
- N input balance,
- 10.
- N mineralized during the growing season,
- 11.
- Total N input,
- 12.
- N input efficiency,
- 13.
- Total N input efficiency,
2.8. Statistical and Spatial Variation Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Mineral N Content of the Soil
3.2. Crop Yields and Indices of N Management
3.3. Soil N Management Indices
3.4. Spatial Variability of Crop Yield and N Management Indices
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Mineral N Content
4.2. Plant Indices of N Management
4.3. Soil Indices of N Management
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Soil Depth | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | 60–90 cm | |||||||
Mean | SD | CV, % | Mean | SD | CV, % | Mean | SD | CV, % | |
Particle size fraction | |||||||||
Sand 1, % | 74.5 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 66.5 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 58.7 | 2.9 | 4.9 |
Coarse silt, % | 6.7 | 1.1 | 16.1 | 7.2 | 1.6 | 22.3 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 11.9 |
Fine silt, % | 16.1 | 2.1 | 12.8 | 12.3 | 2.2 | 18.1 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 11.3 |
Clay, % | 2.8 | 1.3 | 46.0 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 35.6 | 24.1 | 2.5 | 10.5 |
Agrochemical properties | |||||||||
pH 2 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 9.6 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 10.9 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 18.6 |
TSC 3, g kg−1 | 12.42 | 12.35 | 21.45 | 5.65 | 5.47 | 9.82 | 3.68 | 3.54 | 6.39 |
P 4, mg kg−1 | 106.4 | 26.4 | 24.8 | 60.1 | 40.5 | 67.3 | 25.3 | 9.4 | 37.2 |
K 4, mg kg−1 | 258.2 | 55.0 | 21.3 | 107.2 | 48.6 | 45.3 | 147.8 | 40.2 | 27.2 |
Mg 4, mg kg−1 | 251.3 | 42.4 | 16.9 | 282.5 | 64.7 | 22.9 | 304.6 | 71.1 | 23.3 |
Ca 4, mg kg−1 | 742.2 | 275.2 | 37.1 | 803.4 | 413.6 | 51.5 | 1147.7 | 511.2 | 44.5 |
Season/Crop | Agrotechnical Practices | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liming | NPK Complex Fertilizer | Sowing Seeds | Mg, S Application | Spring N Application | Harvest | |
2018/2019 winter oilseed rape | 28 July 2018 (1.0 t ha−1 of CaCO3) | 16 August 2018 (18:26:75 kg ha−1 of N, P, and K) | 16 August 2018 | 21 February 2019 (15 and 20 kg ha−1 of Mg and S, respectively) | 1 March 2019 12 March 2019 (102 + 68 kg N ha−1) | 1 August 2019 |
2019/2020 winter wheat | 13 September 2019 (18:26:75 kg ha−1 of N, P, and K) | 12 October 2019 | 6 March 2020 7 April 2020 10 May 2020 (34 + 34 + 34 kg N ha−1) | 21 July 2020 |
Sampling Date | Mean | SD | CV, % | Median | Min. | Max. | Skewness | Kurtosis | K–S Test, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019, winter rape | |||||||||
Spring | 66.3 | 15.5 | 23.4 | 64.8 | 42.9 | 110.2 | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.087 |
Harvest | 117.2 *** | 22.6 | 19.3 | 114.8 | 66.1 | 185.3 | 0.38 | 0.73 | 0.081 |
2020, winter wheat | |||||||||
Spring | 137.3 | 43.6 | 31.7 | 142.0 | 51.2 | 241.0 | −0.29 | −0.31 | 0.118 |
Harvest | 90.3 *** | 25.1 | 27.8 | 89.3 | 49.0 | 195.4 | 1.58 | 4.92 | 0.109 |
Variables | Mean | SD | CV, % | Median | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | K–S Test, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ys, t ha−1 | 4.52 | 1.06 | 23.5 | 4.26 | 2.52 | 6.71 | 0.37 | −0.63 | 0.106 |
Yr, t ha−1 | 10.38 | 3.34 | 32.2 | 9.74 | 6.43 | 24.62 | 0.31 | 0.61 | 0.141 |
Ns, kg ha−1 | 151.0 | 34.4 | 22.8 | 146.1 | 90.0 | 232.8 | 0.49 | −0.43 | 0.073 |
Nr, kg ha−1 | 90.7 | 33.4 | 36.9 | 84.1 | 49.1 | 206.4 | 1.50 | 2.07 | 0.176 * |
Nt, kg ha−1 | 241.7 | 64.5 | 26.7 | 231.6 | 152.8 | 424.4 | 0.99 | 0.55 | 0.097 |
NHI, % | 63.1 | 4.54 | 7.2 | 63.6 | 51.4 | 74.8 | −0.15 | 0.07 | 0.085 |
UNU, kg t−1 | 53.5 | 6.1 | 11.3 | 53.2 | 41.6 | 71.7 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.071 |
UNP, kg kg−1 | 29.9 | 1.7 | 5.8 | 29.9 | 25.9 | 34.0 | 0.13 | −0.29 | 0.062 |
PFP, kg kg−1 | 19.2 | 4.4 | 23.1 | 19.0 | 11.3 | 29.2 | 0.18 | −0.52 | 0.050 |
Variables | Mean | SD | CV, % | Median | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | K–S Test, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ys, t ha−1 | 7.78 | 1.12 | 14.4 | 7.87 | 5.34 | 10.89 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.068 |
Yr, t ha−1 | 7.95 | 1.08 | 13.6 | 8.09 | 5.86 | 11.18 | 0.21 | 0.60 | 0.087 |
Ns, kg ha−1 | 151.7 | 29.9 | 19.7 | 151.8 | 93.8 | 225.5 | 0.30 | −0.41 | 0.077 |
Nr, kg ha−1 | 61.3 | 9.5 | 15.5 | 60.9 | 42.1 | 85.2 | 0.27 | −0.20 | 0.082 |
Nt, kg ha−1 | 213.0 | 36.2 | 17.0 | 214.9 | 142.5 | 310.7 | 0.31 | −0.10 | 0.073 |
NHI, % | 70.9 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 71.6 | 63.4 | 76.3 | −0.24 | −0.91 | 0.085 |
UNU, kg t−1 | 27.4 | 2.9 | 10.7 | 27.5 | 21.5 | 33.5 | 0.03 | −0.64 | 0.065 |
UNP, kg kg−1 | 37.1 | 4.3 | 11.7 | 36.4 | 29.8 | 49.1 | 0.57 | −0.04 | 0.087 |
PFP, kg kg−1 | 33.1 | 5.3 | 15.9 | 33.5 | 24.9 | 48.9 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.094 |
Variables | Mean | SD | CV, % | Median | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | K–S Test, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nb, kg ha−1 | 19.0 | 34.4 | 181.2 | 23.9 | −62.8 | 80.0 | −0.49 | −0.43 | 0.073 |
NEb, % | 88.8 | 20.3 | 22.8 | 86.0 | 52.9 | 136.9 | 0.49 | −0.43 | 0.073 |
Nin, kg ha−1 | 236.3 | 15.5 | 6.5 | 234.8 | 212.9 | 280.2 | 0.76 | 0.48 | 0.087 |
Ninb, kg ha−1 | −5.4 | 63.8 | 1171.9 | −1.0 | −178.7 | 112.7 | −0.57 | 0.10 | 0.098 |
Ngain, kg ha−1 | 122.7 | 70.3 | 57.3 | 118.2 | −29.6 | 334.1 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.112 |
NinT, kg ha−1 | 359.0 | 70.8 | 19.7 | 345.4 | 244.5 | 579.8 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.141 |
NEin, % | 64.0 | 14.2 | 22.1 | 63.1 | 38.1 | 97.5 | 0.19 | −0.49 | 0.052 |
NEinT, % | 42.0 | 4.2 | 9.9 | 42.0 | 31.0 | 52.3 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.048 |
Variables | Mean | SD | CV, % | Median | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | K–S Test, d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nb, kg ha−1 | −49.7 | 29.9 | 60.2 | −49.8 | −123.5 | 8.2 | −0.30 | −0.41 | 0.078 |
NEb, % | 148.7 | 29.3 | 19.7 | 148.8 | 92.0 | 221.1 | 0.30 | −0.41 | 0.078 |
Nin, kg ha−1 | 239.3 | 43.6 | 18.2 | 244.0 | 153.2 | 343.0 | −0.29 | −0.31 | 0.118 |
Ninb, kg ha−1 | 26.3 | 39.4 | 149.9 | 24.9 | −75.1 | 131.7 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.083 |
Ngain, kg ha−1 | 64.0 | 49.9 | 78.0 | 62.3 | −73.6 | 239.6 | 0.34 | 2.07 | 0.066 |
NinT, kg ha−1 | 303.3 | 48.4 | 16.0 | 301.8 | 226.1 | 473.4 | 0.76 | 1.08 | 0.082 |
NEin, % | 64.4 | 11.8 | 18.3 | 62.9 | 38.2 | 95.7 | 0.26 | −0.04 | 0.072 |
NEinT, % | 49.9 | 5.0 | 10.1 | 49.7 | 36.6 | 60.8 | −0.08 | 0.04 | 0.068 |
Variables | R2 | Band Importance | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | B2 | B3 | B4 | ||
2019, winter oilseed rape | |||||
Ys | 0.6719 | 0.4225 | 0.3095 | 0.2680 | 0.0000 |
Nin | 0.5455 | 0.0123 | 0.4353 | 0.3133 | 0.2391 |
Ninb | 0.6070 | 0.0000 | 0.6118 | 0.3882 | 0.0000 |
2020, winter wheat | |||||
Yg | 0.7117 | 0.2998 | 0.0034 | 0.2232 | 0.4736 |
Nin | 0.6222 | 0.0000 | 0.8878 | 0.0000 | 0.1122 |
Ninb | 0.6943 | 0.0000 | 0.2511 | 0.0000 | 0.7489 |
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Łukowiak, R.; Barłóg, P.; Ceglarek, J. Soil and Plant Nitrogen Management Indices Related to Within-Field Spatial Variability. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081845
Łukowiak R, Barłóg P, Ceglarek J. Soil and Plant Nitrogen Management Indices Related to Within-Field Spatial Variability. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081845
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukowiak, Remigiusz, Przemysław Barłóg, and Jakub Ceglarek. 2024. "Soil and Plant Nitrogen Management Indices Related to Within-Field Spatial Variability" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081845