Improvement of Yield and Quality Properties of Radish by the Organic Fertilizer Application Combined with the Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site Description
2.2. Experimental Materials
2.2.1. Radish Variety
2.2.2. Fertilizer
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Measurement Indices and Methods
2.4.1. Measurement of Plant Growth Parameters
2.4.2. Measurement of Radish Quality Indices
2.4.3. Yield Determination
2.4.4. Determination of Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil
2.4.5. Soil DNA Extraction and 16s rDNA Sequencing
2.4.6. Soil Microbial Community Analysis
2.4.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction with Organic Fertilizer Application on Agronomic Traits of Radish
3.2. The Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction with Organic Fertilizer on the Nutrient Content and Radish Quality
3.3. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction and Organic Fertilizer Application on Radish Yield
3.4. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction with Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Nutrient Content
3.5. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction with Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Enzyme Activity
3.6. Effect of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Organic Fertilizer Application on the Soil Bacterial Community
3.7. RDA Analysis of Soil Physicochemical Properties and Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | TN g/kg | HN mg/kg | TP g/kg | AP mg/kg | pH kg | OM % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Original soil sample | 1.22 | 96.0 | 0.016 | 102 | 5.77 | 12.98 |
Treatments | Organic Fertilizer (kg·ha−1) | Compound Chemical Fertilizer (kg·ha−1) | Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 4500 | 375 | 0% |
T1 | 4500 | 330 | 12% |
T2 | 4500 | 300 | 20% |
T3 | 4500 | 270 | 28% |
Treatments | Maximum Functional Leaf Width (cm) | Root Diameter at Harvest Time (mm) | Long Root Length at Harvest Time (cm) | Leaf Dry Weight (kg plant−1) | Dry Weight of Fleshy Roots (kg plant−1) | Thick Skin (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 15.75 ± 0.75 c | 56.67 ± 4.05 b | 41.50 ± 0.58 c | 0.18 ± 0.19 bc | 0.34 ± 0.01 c | 3.82 ± 0.23 a |
T1 | 18.50 ± 1.45 b | 56.45 ± 1.56 b | 43.00 ± 0.82 b | 0.22 ± 0.20 a | 0.50 ± 0.01 a | 3.23 ± 0.14 b |
T2 | 23.25 ± 1.48 a | 62.21 ± 2.74 a | 44.50 ± 0.58 a | 0.18 ± 0.18 b | 0.49 ± 0.01 a | 2.94 ± 0.07 c |
T3 | 19.08 ± 0.79 b | 56.30 ± 1.17 b | 41.75 ± 0.50 c | 0.15 ± 0.17 c | 0.45 ± 0.01 b | 3.00 ± 0.05 c |
Treatments | Vitamin C (mg/g. FW) | Soluble Sugar (mg/g. FW) | Sulforaphane (mg/g. FW) | Soluble Solids (%) | Titratable Acid (%) | Cellulose (mg/g. FW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 56.38 ± 1.14 b | 52.93 ± 0.07 c | 0.06 ± 0.00 c | 3.94 ± 0.06 c | 0.41 ± 0.01 c | 164.33 ± 3.22 b |
T1 | 61.97 ± 1.75 a | 54.13 ± 0.09 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 ab | 5.04 ± 0.08 a | 0.60 ± 0.01 a | 193.00 ± 5.29 a |
T2 | 62.37 ± 1.00 a | 54.07 ± 0.08 ab | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 5.00 ± 0.13 a | 0.59 ± 0.01 a | 147.67 ± 6.66 c |
T3 | 57.75 ± 1.26 b | 53.63 ± 0.43 b | 0.08 ± 0.00 b | 4.71 ± 0.40 b | 0.54 ± 0.02 b | 132.33 ± 7.23 d |
Treatments | Per Plant Yield (g) | Equivalent Total Yield (kg h−1) | Yield Increase Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 1493.80 ± 67.59 b | 26,189.24 ± 1185.01 b | - |
T1 | 1586.68 ± 61.23 b | 27,817.67 ± 1073.49 b | 6.22 |
T2 | 1778.42 ± 99.43 a | 29,572.10 ± 1516.26 a | 12.92 |
T3 | 1573.58 ± 54.20 b | 27,588.06 ± 950.23 b | 5.34 |
Treatments | Organic Matter g/kg | TN % | TP % | HN mg/kg | AP mg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 19.47 ± 0.23 b | 1.04 ± 0.05 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 91.03 ± 0.25 a | 70.27 ± 0.49 a |
T1 | 19.67 ± 0.25 ab | 1.10 ± 0.04 ab | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 90.90 ± 3.82 a | 63.60 ± 2.10 b |
T2 | 19.93 ± 0.25 ab | 1.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.00 a | 88.27 ± 3.59 a | 68.03 ± 1.10 a |
T3 | 20.37 ± 0.76 a | 1.05 ± 0.02 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 89.93 ± 2.29 a | 70.43 ± 0.67 a |
Treatments | S-UE μg/d/g | S-SC mg/d/g | S-AKP μmol/d/g | S−CAT mmol/d/g |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 455.33 ± 27.50 ab | 4.56 ± 0.35 c | 1.06 ± 0.09 b | 15.00 ± 0.50 b |
T1 | 416.00 ± 28.00 c | 5.28 ± 0.35 b | 1.26 ± 0.03 a | 14.57 ± 0.35 b |
T2 | 506.00 ± 40.45 a | 6.58 ± 0.18 a | 1.34 ± 0.12 a | 16.40 ± 0.82 a |
T3 | 490.67 ± 27.65 a | 6.39 ± 0.19 a | 0.87 ± 0.06 c | 12.97 ± 0.55 c |
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Jin, D.; Lu, Z.; Song, X.; Ahammed, G.J.; Yan, Y.; Chen, S. Improvement of Yield and Quality Properties of Radish by the Organic Fertilizer Application Combined with the Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081847
Jin D, Lu Z, Song X, Ahammed GJ, Yan Y, Chen S. Improvement of Yield and Quality Properties of Radish by the Organic Fertilizer Application Combined with the Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081847
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Duo, Zewei Lu, Xiangcan Song, Golam Jalal Ahammed, Yan Yan, and Shuangchen Chen. 2024. "Improvement of Yield and Quality Properties of Radish by the Organic Fertilizer Application Combined with the Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081847