How Do Drought, Heat Stress, and Their Combination Impact Stem Reserve Mobilization in Wheat Genotypes?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Field Trials
2.2. Agro-Physiological Traits
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Single and Combined Drought and Heat Stresses
3.2. Heritability and Variance Components
3.3. Trait Association Analysis
3.4. Identification of High-Performance Genotypes
3.5. Modeling of the Performance of High-Yielding Genotypes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Variation | df | Mean Square | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GY | GFP | PLH | TGW | CT(B) | CT(A) | PRM | CPRM | SRM | CSRM | CP | CCP | ||
Year (Y) | 1 | 28.20 ** | 30,550.83 ** | 1368.92 * | 39.33 ns | 17.93 * | 4963.50 ** | 54.47 ** | 125.6 | 16.53 ns | 82.75 | 0.04 | 131.55 |
Environ (E) | 1 | 128.32 ** | 260.21 * | 1860.54 ** | 2349.12 ** | 21.92 * | 934.61 * | 58.05 * | 3597.59 ** | 6.04 ns | 6291.33 ** | 1416.28 ** | 20,847.93 ** |
Y × E | 1 | 25.61 ** | 229.78 * | 20.44 ns | 390.08 ns | 37.37 * | 438.28 ns | 71.55 ** | 104.23 | 2.08 ns | 1029.33 | 79.34 | 238.62 |
R (Y × E) | 4 | 1.02 | 16.4 | 162.07 | 77.27 | 2.02 | 84.14 | 0.4 | 2.47 | 1.89 | 3.41 | 0.24 | 1.09 |
BL (Y × E × R) | 56 | 0.71 | 5.86 | 106.34 | 12.22 | 0.45 | 7.05 | 0.07 | 4.51 | 0.62 | 3.81 | 0.4 | 7.09 |
Genotype (G) | 63 | 0.50 ns | 15.65 * | 285.23 ** | 53.84 ** | 0.26 ns | 1.70 ns | 6.64 ns | 200.01 ns | 18.82 ** | 398.64 ns | 34.27 ns | 682.99 ns |
G × Y | 63 | 0.44 ns | 6.99 * | 45.85 ** | 7.2 | 0.20 * | 0.95 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.002 * | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 |
G × E | 63 | 0.22 | 5.19 | 27.81 | 6.76 | 0.13 | 2.04 | 8.04 ** | 234.41 ** | 9.76 ** | 411.30 ** | 30.60 ** | 722.06 ** |
G × Y × E | 63 | 0.33 ** | 4.20 ** | 23.72 | 7.55 ** | 0.12 | 2.29 ** | 0 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.02 |
Residual | 196 | 0.15 | 2.38 | 20.77 | 4.37 | 0.11 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 5.01 | 0.65 | 3.89 | 0.54 | 7.08 |
CV (%) | 11/4 | 4.74 | 5 | 6.2 | 1.68 | 3.02 | 9.81 | 16.88 | 10.8 | 4.45 | 9.46 | 6.26 |
Source of Variation | df | Mean Square | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GY | GFP | PLH | TGW | CT(B) | CT(A) | PRM | CPRM | SRM | CSRM | CP | CCP | ||
Year (Y) | 1 | 11.24 * | 10,621.5 ** | 294.36 | 4572.07 ** | 5564.99 ** | 3228.61 ** | 315.79 | 3.87 | 1996.73 | 175.31 * | 49.07 | 196.96 |
Environ (E) | 1 | 220.61 ** | 0.95 ns | 36,364.3 ** | 2163.18 ** | 89.58 ** | 4333.98 ** | 5239.68 ** | 627.69 ** | 16,695.35 ** | 92.82 ns | 4514.28 * | 4981.39 ** |
Y × E | 1 | 12.98 * | 3200.0 ** | 3443.0 * | 1730.19 ** | 4.64 ns | 1041.93 ** | 13.29 ns | 0.43 ns | 12.28 ns | 20.64 ns | 9.16 ns | 7.68 ns |
R (Y × E) | 4 | 0.97 | 12.85 | 387.3 | 15.14 | 2.09 | 10.49 | 2.61 | 1.3 | 0.02 | 7.57 | 154.69 | 172.27 |
BL (Y × E × R) | 56 | 0.74 | 7.41 | 89.37 | 9.13 | 2.38 | 2.8 | 4.98 | 0.6 | 1.73 | 2.11 | 63.35 | 47.8 |
Genotype (G) | 63 | 0.52 ns | 16.02 * | 230.00 ** | 53.06 ** | 0.82 ns | 17.32 ** | 157.23 ns | 13.54 * | 268.14 ns | 33.99 ns | 544.55 ns | 41.79 ns |
G × Y | 63 | 0.38 ns | 8.55 ** | 28.14 ns | 9.83 ns | 0.74 ns | 2.53 * | 0 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 33.34 ns |
G × E | 63 | 0.41 ns | 5.29 ns | 26.25 ns | 8.79 ns | 0.79 * | 2.87 * | 212.94 ** | 8.64 ** | 273.27 ** | 45.60 ** | 733.63 ** | 33.99 |
G × Y × E | 63 | 0.46 ** | 4.02 ns | 27.85 ns | 9.09 ** | 0.50 * | 1.63 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.02 ns | 31.81 ns |
Residual | 196 | 0.15 | 3.16 | 23.11 | 5.05 | 0.35 | 1.63 | 5.55 | 0.62 | 2.19 | 1.92 | 37.02 | 38.5 |
CV (%) | 12.3 | 5.33 | 5.68 | 33.78 | 2.16 | 2.74 | 17.05 | 12.18 | 4.22 | 14.17 | 11.74 | 8.25 |
Source of Variation | df | Mean Square | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GY | GFP | PLH | TGW | CT(B) | CT(A) | PRM | CPRM | SRM | CSRM | CP | CCP | ||
Year (Y) | 1 | 12.18 | 16,256.3 ** | 17.81 | 5704.46 ** | 60.8 | 6109.96 ** | 773.72 ns | 620.84 ns | 36.13 ns | 3.51 ns | 22.32 ns | 294.49 ns |
Environ (E) | 1 | 389.96 ** | 156.4 ns | 34,735.7 ** | 4754.34 ** | 941.0 ** | 752.6 ** | 2935.70 ** | 4870.85 ** | 3323.16 ** | 20,414.6 ** | 383.8 ** | 2950.6 * |
Y × E | 1 | 13.99 ns | 1032.28 ** | 2092.20 * | 2450.88 ** | 37.6 ns | 2 ns | 59.68 ns | 12.25 ns | 716.78 ns | 1545 ns | 180.1 ns | 446.8 ns |
R (Y × E) | 4 | 2.18 | 33.62 | 238.89 | 78.37 | 9.06 | 7.41 | 0.6 | 1.87 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.43 | 2.94 |
BL (Y × E × R) | 56 | 1.07 | 7.73 | 92.78 | 8.12 | 2.05 | 2.21 | 1.51 | 4.51 | 1.12 | 0.57 | 0.81 | 8.08 |
Genotype (G) | 63 | 0.64 ns | 19.44 * | 223.40 ** | 56.56 ** | 0.42 ns | 0.66 ns | 76.97 ns | 194.91 ns | 70.49 ns | 244.15 ns | 31.26 ns | 578.40 ns |
G × Y | 63 | 0.64 ** | 8.58 ns | 30.08 ns | 7.25 ns | 0.41 ** | 0.64 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.02 ns |
G × E | 63 | 0.32 ** | 5.9 ns | 18.74 ns | 6.41 ns | 0.51 ** | 0.59 ns | 60.24 ** | 155.48 ** | 71.05 ** | 274.81 ** | 36.74 ** | 619.51 ** |
G × Y × E | 63 | 0.12 ns | 8.72 ** | 22.12 ns | 9.27 ** | 0.22 ns | 0.49 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.01 ns | 0 ns | 0.02 ns |
Residual | 196 | 0.15 | 2.68 | 18.62 | 4.98 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 1.65 | 4.95 | 0.88 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 8.01 |
CV (%) | 12.7 | 5.01 | 5.09 | 6.81 | 2.82 | 2.15 | 14.14 | 16.24 | 4.09 | 2.04 | 7.92 | 5.52 |
Trait | Normal | Drought | Heat | Drought + Heat | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season 1 | Season 2 | Season 1 | Season 2 | Season 1 | Season 2 | Season 1 | Season 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | VG | Mean | h2 | ||||||||
GY | 0.20 | 3.89 | 0.71 | 0.02 | 3.91 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 2.44 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 3.36 | 0.64 | 0.03 | 2.90 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 2.28 | 0.81 | 0.32 | 2.47 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 1.83 | 0.52 | |||||||
GFP | 7.32 | 40.32 | 0.83 | 1.64 | 26.21 | 0.61 | 3.87 | 40.23 | 0.76 | 1.63 | 23.45 | 0.66 | 2.83 | 35.40 | 0.50 | 0.98 | 31.29 | 0.46 | 9.32 | 36.37 | 0.83 | 1.7 | 27.94 | 0.66 | |||||||
PLH | 15.99 | 91.24 | 0.46 | 47.65 | 94.91 | 0.87 | 42.53 | 87.83 | 0.80 | 53.6 | 90.7 | 0.85 | 34.28 | 79.57 | 0.81 | 14.77 | 72.87 | 0.46 | 23.37 | 78.8 | 0.8 | 26.89 | 74.40 | 0.74 | |||||||
TGW | 4.34 | 36.98 | 0.79 | 9.78 | 34.69 | 0.78 | 6.87 | 30.96 | 0.82 | 8.67 | 32.15 | 0.76 | 12.21 | 36.55 | 0.82 | 2.08 | 26.9 | 0.37 | 11.61 | 35.27 | 0.85 | 4.48 | 24.21 | 0.59 | |||||||
CT(B) | 0.00 | 19.5 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 20.4 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 20.44 | 0 | 0.06 | 20.28 | 0.51 | 0.18 | 15.60 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 24.32 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 14.87 | 0 | 0.06 | 27.76 | 0.58 | |||||||
CT(A) | 0.46 | 23.42 | 0.79 | 0.22 | 30.21 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 25.19 | 0 | 0.06 | 30.55 | 0.2 | 0.00 | 24.45 | 0 | 0.1 | 30.86 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 25.72 | 0 | 0.00 | 32.76 | 0 | |||||||
PRM | 2.62 | 2.38 | 0.98 | 2.64 | 3.79 | 0.98 | 1.5 | 2.45 | 0.93 | 1.53 | 2.37 | 0.97 | 2.17 | 3.47 | 0.94 | 2.17 | 3.15 | 0.95 | 2.18 | 3.59 | 0.96 | 2.18 | 2.66 | 0.95 | |||||||
CPRM | 48.95 | 11.57 | 0.91 | 49.97 | 9.66 | 0.91 | 68.72 | 15.96 | 0.99 | 7.11 | 15.89 | 0.97 | 51.11 | 17.63 | 0.98 | 52.12 | 16.38 | 0.99 | 47.98 | 18.03 | 0.99 | 48.99 | 15.52 | 0.98 | |||||||
SRM | 3.05 | 7.67 | 0.96 | 3.18 | 7.42 | 0.97 | 4.03 | 7.58 | 0.89 | 4.11 | 7.10 | 0.88 | 2.33 | 5.39 | 0.83 | 2.14 | 5.26 | 0.83 | 3.58 | 5.90 | 0.97 | 3.65 | 4.92 | 0.97 | |||||||
CSRM | 84.82 | 38.98 | 0.99 | 86.43 | 42.62 | 0.99 | 147.2 | 48.82 | 0.98 | 151.35 | 46.79 | 0.98 | 51.11 | 27.24 | 0.97 | 52.12 | 31.50 | 0.97 | 60.48 | 29.82 | 0.99 | 61.75 | 15.52 | 0.92 | |||||||
CP | 11.23 | 9.81 | 0.96 | 11.5 | 9.04 | 0.97 | 7.68 | 5.96 | 0.98 | 7.74 | 6.50 | 0.98 | 9.25 | 11.06 | 0.86 | 9.43 | 9.49 | 0.86 | 7.96 | 10.36 | 0.97 | 8.3 | 11.96 | 0.97 | |||||||
CCP | 7.37 | 168.99 | 0.96 | 172.2 | 48.69 | 0.95 | 242.09 | 34.92 | 0.99 | 247.05 | 37.3 | 0.96 | 146.75 | 55.25 | 0.82 | 149.83 | 54.36 | 0.82 | 175.42 | 51.97 | 0.98 | 178.93 | 55.36 | 0.99 |
Genotype | Normal | Genotype | Drought (D) | Genotype | Heat (H) | Genotype | D and H | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yield * | Rank | Yield | Rank | Yield | Rank | Yield | Rank | ||||
6 | 4.935 | 1 | 33 | 3.622 | 1 | 63 | 3.737 | 1 | 46 | 2.998 | 1 |
3 | 4.575 | 2 | 8 | 3.547 | 2 | 62 | 3.478 | 2 | 31 | 2.873 | 2 |
36 | 4.520 | 3 | 6 | 3.518 | 3 | 24 | 3.245 | 3 | 54 | 2.853 | 3 |
5 | 4.425 | 4 | 3 | 3.498 | 4 | 31 | 3.212 | 4 | 47 | 2.83 | 4 |
28 | 4.363 | 5 | 1 | 3.433 | 5 | 46 | 3.200 | 5 | 38 | 2.822 | 5 |
46 | 4.350 | 6 | 34 | 3.422 | 6 | 39 | 3.197 | 6 | 32 | 2.752 | 6 |
48 | 4.327 | 7 | 64 | 3.418 | 7 | 54 | 3.190 | 7 | 48 | 2.643 | 7 |
22 | 4.247 | 8 | 59 | 3.382 | 8 | 6 | 3.177 | 8 | 50 | 2.640 | 8 |
59 | 4.210 | 9 | 46 | 3.368 | 9 | 55 | 3.127 | 9 | 36 | 2.615 | 9 |
37 | 4.188 | 10 | 49 | 3.300 | 10 | 22 | 3.103 | 10 | 52 | 2.613 | 10 |
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Vaezi, B.; Arzani, A.; Roberts, T.H. How Do Drought, Heat Stress, and Their Combination Impact Stem Reserve Mobilization in Wheat Genotypes? Agronomy 2024, 14, 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081867
Vaezi B, Arzani A, Roberts TH. How Do Drought, Heat Stress, and Their Combination Impact Stem Reserve Mobilization in Wheat Genotypes? Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081867
Chicago/Turabian StyleVaezi, Behrouz, Ahmad Arzani, and Thomas H. Roberts. 2024. "How Do Drought, Heat Stress, and Their Combination Impact Stem Reserve Mobilization in Wheat Genotypes?" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1867. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081867