Hidden Secrets of Mangrove Swamp Rice Stored Seeds in Guinea-Bissau: Assessment of Fungal Communities and Implications for Food Security
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Collection
2.2. Seed Germination Rate
2.3. Fungal Identification, Distribution, and Trophic Modes
2.3.1. Fungal Isolation
2.3.2. DNA Extraction, Amplification, Sequencing, and Bioinformatics
2.3.3. Sequence Processing and Putative Taxa Assignment
2.3.4. Ecological Guild Classification
2.4. Aflatoxins Content Analyses
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterisation and Distribution of Mangrove Rice Storage Facilities
3.2. Germination Rate Success of Stored Mangrove Rice
3.3. Identification and Distribution of Stored Fungi
3.4. Aflatoxin Content of Stored Mangrove Rice
4. Discussion
4.1. Traditional Storage Facilities for Mangrove Swamp Rice in Guinea-Bissau
4.2. Traditional Storage Practices and the Impact of Seed Storage Fungi on Food Safety and Plant Cycle
4.3. Fungal Communities in Seed Storage Mangrove Rice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | Village | Rice Variety [Vernacular Name] | Storage Container | Storage Structure |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cacheu | Djobel | Iacai branco | bag | bentém |
Edjur | bag | storage room | ||
Iacai preto | bundles | raised platform * | ||
Edjur | bag | storage room | ||
Edjur | plastic jerry can | storage room | ||
Iacai preto | plastic jerry can | storage room | ||
Etele | bag | bentém | ||
Elalab | Batumpaiabo | bag | bentém | |
Caublak/Caublac | bag | storage room | ||
Tomor/Etomoray | bag | storage room | ||
Bakongabu | bag | storage room | ||
Batumpaiabo | bag | storage room | ||
Iacai iadi | bag | storage room | ||
Balenabu | bag | storage room | ||
Tomor/Etomoray | bag | bentém | ||
Elia | Iacai vermelho | bag | bentém | |
Edjur | bag | bentém | ||
Etele | bag | bentém | ||
Edjur | plastic jerry can | house hallway | ||
Edjur | bag | bentém | ||
Etele | plastic jerry can | house hallway | ||
Etele | bag | bentém | ||
Oio | Blaftxur | Caublak/Caublac | fuúle/vuúle | front porche |
Caublak/Caublac | fuúle/vuúle | front porche | ||
Caublak/Caublac | fuúle/vuúle | front porche | ||
Seli/Sili | fuúle/vuúle | front porche | ||
Tanham/Atanham | fuúle/vuúle | front porche | ||
Malafu | Sampena/Quisampena | metal barrel | storage room | |
DEPA | bag | storage room | ||
Yaca sau/xau | bag | storage room | ||
DEPA | bag | bentém | ||
Caublak/Caublac | bag | bentém | ||
Caublak/Caublac | bag | storage room | ||
N’Tchugal | Malu rassa | bag | storage room | |
Caublak/Caublac | metal barrel | house hallway | ||
Caublak/Caublac | fuúle/vuúle | front porche | ||
Yaca sau/xau | bag | storage room | ||
Caublak/Caublac | metal barrel | storage room | ||
Rotxum | Yaca ieie | bag | storage room | |
Barakonde | bag | front porche | ||
Sugun | Caublak/Caublac | metal barrel | storage room | |
Caublak/Caublac | metal barrel | front porche | ||
Yaca sau/xau | metal barrel | front porche | ||
Yaca ieie | bag | storage room | ||
Yaca sau/xau | bag | front porche | ||
Uncur | Caublak/Caublac | bag | storage room | |
Caublak/Caublac | plastic jerry can | storage room | ||
Tombali | Cafale | Caublak/Caublac | bag | bentém |
Caublak/Caublac | bag | bentém | ||
Yaca sau/xau | bag | bentém | ||
Cafine | Caublak/Caublac | bag | bentém | |
Yaca sau/xau | bag | bentém | ||
Var 29 (Ianda Arruz project) | bag | biré/psangá | ||
Mamusso | fuúle/vuúle | front porche | ||
Yaca branco | bag | biré/psangá | ||
Yaca sau/xau | bag | storage room | ||
Yaca branco | bag | bentém | ||
Caiquenem | Yaca sau/xau | bag | storage room | |
Yaca sau/xau | bag | bentém | ||
Caublak/Caublac | bag | storage room | ||
Quibil | Yaca sau/xau | bag | biré/psangá | |
Caublak/Caublac | bag | storage room | ||
Caublak/Caublac | bag | biré/psangá | ||
Yaca sau/xau | bag | storage room |
Rice species | Rice Varieties [Vernacular Name] | Language | Region |
---|---|---|---|
Oryza glaberrima | Edjur | Baiote | C |
Etele | C | ||
Malu rassa | Balanta | O | |
Bakongabu | Felupe | C | |
Balenabu | C | ||
Batumpaiabo | C | ||
Oryza sativa | Tanham/Atanham | Balanta | O |
Caublak/Caublac | Creole | C/O/T | |
DEPA | O | ||
Seli/Sili | O | ||
Var 29 (Ianda Arruz project) | T | ||
Yaca branco | T | ||
Yaca ieie | O | ||
Yaca sau/xau | O/T | ||
Tomor/Etomoray | Felupe | C | |
Iacai branco | Felupe/Baiote/Creole | C | |
Iacai adi | C | ||
Iacai preto | C | ||
Iacai vermelho | C | ||
Barakonde | Mandinga | O | |
Mamusso | Susu | T | |
Sampena/Quisampena | O |
Rice Varieties [Vernacular Name] | % Germ. Day 3 | % Germ. Day 5 | Root Length [mm] | % Germ. Day 10 | % Germ. Day 14 | Seedling Length [mm] | SVI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oryza glaberrima | Bakongabu | 93% | 95% | 43.3 ± 13.1 | 99% | 100% | 64.3 ± 14.6 | 6425 |
Balenabu | 85% | 88% | 49.8 ± 12.4 | 99% | 100% | 73.4 ± 9.1 | 7341 | |
Batumpaiabo | 88% | 93% | 36.4 ± 15.5 | 99% | 100% | 79.3 ± 15.3 | 7891 | |
Edjur | 51% | 92% | 55.4 ± 15.9 | 95% | 97% | 70 ± 11.8 | 6806 | |
Etele | 8% | 96% | 48.2 ± 18.8 | 99% | 100% | 69 ± 12.8 | 6869 | |
Malu rassa | 92% | 95% | 70.4 ± 16.6 | 98% | 99% | 67 ± 12 | 6636 | |
Oryza sativa | Barakonde | 97% | 99% | 60.9 ± 17.2 | 100% | 100% | 79.9 ± 11.5 | 7965 |
Caublak/Caublac | 94% | 95% | 54.4 ± 13.9 | 98% | 99% | 80.8 ± 13.9 | 8013 | |
DEPA | 73% | 95% | 39.3 ± 18.9 | 98% | 100% | 69.1 ± 15.9 | 6873 | |
Iacai branco | 93% | 98% | 50.8 ± 19.4 | 98% | 99% | 69.7 ± 10.5 | 6905 | |
Iacai iadi | 73% | 83% | 51.3 ± 13.6 | 96% | 99% | 70.3 ± 13.3 | 6959 | |
Iacai preto | 58% | 97% | 53.3 ± 18.8 | 98% | 100% | 72.9 ± 13.9 | 7254 | |
Iacai vermelho | 98% | 98% | 56.8 ± 12.4 | 98% | 100% | 68.1 ± 14.8 | 6785 | |
Mamusso | 95% | 96% | 42.5 ± 7.2 | 98% | 99% | 62.9 ± 8.9 | 6208 | |
Sampena/Quisampena | 68% | 93% | 16.8 ± 11.8 | 98% | 99% | 57.9 ± 16.8 | 5737 | |
Seli/Sili | 97% | 97% | 51.8 ± 10.1 | 99% | 99% | 91.9 ± 14.8 | 9128 | |
Tanham/Atanham | 97% | 97% | 44.3 ± 9.3 | 99% | 100% | 112.2 ± 12.8 | 11,219 | |
Tomor/Etomoray | 95% | 97% | 54.4 ± 13.9 | 99% | 100% | 77.2 ± 13 | 7694 | |
Var 29 (Ianda Arruz project) | 88% | 97% | 20.6 ± 10.1 | 95% | 99% | 75.6 ± 11.6 | 7454 | |
Yaca branco | 68% | 82% | 32.3 ± 13.5 | 98% | 99% | 71.2 ± 11 | 7052 | |
Yaca ieie | 97% | 98% | 55.8 ± 12.9 | 99% | 100% | 78.7 ± 12.7 | 7829 | |
Yaca sau/xau | 67% | 86% | 45.6 ± 12.9 | 95% | 99% | 72.9 ± 11.4 | 7188 |
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Conde, S.; Barai, A.; Catarino, S.; Costa, G.J.; Ferreira, S.; Tavares, I.; Ferreira, M.R.; Temudo, M.P.; Monteiro, F. Hidden Secrets of Mangrove Swamp Rice Stored Seeds in Guinea-Bissau: Assessment of Fungal Communities and Implications for Food Security. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081870
Conde S, Barai A, Catarino S, Costa GJ, Ferreira S, Tavares I, Ferreira MR, Temudo MP, Monteiro F. Hidden Secrets of Mangrove Swamp Rice Stored Seeds in Guinea-Bissau: Assessment of Fungal Communities and Implications for Food Security. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081870
Chicago/Turabian StyleConde, Sofia, Amidu Barai, Sílvia Catarino, Gonçalo J. Costa, Sónia Ferreira, Idília Tavares, Maria Rosa Ferreira, Marina Padrão Temudo, and Filipa Monteiro. 2024. "Hidden Secrets of Mangrove Swamp Rice Stored Seeds in Guinea-Bissau: Assessment of Fungal Communities and Implications for Food Security" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081870