Response of Wheat to Pre-Emergence and Early Post-Emergence Herbicides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Trial A (2020–2021)
3.1.1. Crop Density, Plant Height and Injury Symptoms for Trial A
3.1.2. Number of Spikes and Crop Yield for Trial A
3.2. Trial B (2020–2021)
3.2.1. Crop Density, Plant Height and Injury Symptoms for Trial B
3.2.2. Number of Spikes and Crop Yield for Trial B
3.3. Weed Control
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herbicide | Soil Adsorption and Mobility (mL g−1) * | Solubility in Water (mg L−1) ** | Soil Degradation (Days) (Aerobic) *** |
---|---|---|---|
Prosulfocarb | 1693 | 13.2 | 9.8 |
Chlorotoluron | 147.22 | 76 | 12.5 |
Diflufenican | 2215 | 0.05 | 64.6 |
Flufenacet | 273.3 | 51 | 39 |
Metribuzin | 48.3 | 10,700 | 19 |
Herbicide Ai | HRAC Group | Mode of Action (MoA) | Product Information | Herbicide Rate (g ai ha−1) # | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | prosulfocarb | 15 | Inhibition of very long-chain fatty acid synthesis | Boxer 80 EC (80% ai) Syngenta Crop Protection AG(Basel, Switzerland) | 3200 |
2. | chlorotoluron + diflufenican | 5 + 12 | Inhibition of photosynthesis at PS-II Serine 264 Binders + Inhibition of Phytoene Desaturase | Carmina Max SC (60% + 4% ai) Nufarm GmbH & Co KG (Linz, Austria) | 1380 + 92 |
3. | flufenacet + diflufenican | 15 + 12 | Inhibition of very long-chain fatty acid synthesis + Inhibition of Phytoene Desaturase | Fosburi 600 SC (40% + 20% ai) Bayer AG (Leverkusen, Germany) | 240 + 120 |
4. | flufenacet + diflufenican + metribuzin | 15 + 12 + 5 | Inhibition of very long-chain fatty acid synthesis + Inhibition of Phytoene Desaturase + Inhibition of photosynthesis at PS-II Serine 264 Binders | Herold Trio SC (17.1% + 17.1% + 6.4% ai) Bayer AG (Leverkusen, Germany) | 119.7 + 119.7 + 44.8 |
Treatment | Wheat Density | 13.1.21 (44 DAS ^) | 11.2.21 (73 DAS) | 26.3.21 (116 DAS) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plants m−1 | cm | |||
Prosulfocarb | 71.0 b * (5.55) # | 15.4 (0.34) | 21.9 ab (0.79) | 49.0 (2.10) |
Chlorotoluron + Diflufenican | 84.7 a (5.49) | 15.9 (0.40) | 20.6 b (1.56) | 46.8 (1.21) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican | 92.5 a (6.59) | 15.6 (0.62) | 17.2 c (0.44) | 47.5 (1.22) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican + Metribuzin | 86.4 a (4.70) | 16.5 (0.30) | 22.7 ab (1.22) | 50.8 (1.66) |
Untreated control | 88.7 a (4.67) | 15.9 (0.50) | 23.4 ab (0.52) | 50.2 (0.88) |
Weed-free | 95.2 a (4.09) | 16.1 (0.61) | 24.3 a (1.15) | 52.1 (1.20) |
LSD ## (5%) | 12.92 | ns ** | 3.09 | ns |
Treatment | 2020–2021 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spikes m−2 | t ha−1 ** | |||
Prosulfocarb | 443 b * | (22.3) # | 4.30 bc | (0.28) |
Chlorotoluron + Diflufenican | 526 ab | (49.3) | 4.06 c | 0.39) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican | 567 a | (31.3) | 4.99 abc | (0.37) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican + Metribuzin | 558 a | (23.9) | 5.12 ab | (0.33) |
Untreated control | 602 a | (17.9) | 5.43 a | (0.27) |
Weed-free | 622 a | (33.5) | 5.79 a | (0.21) |
LSD ## (5%) | 96.6 | 0.945 |
Treatment | 5.1.22 (44 DAS *) | 12.2.22 (82 DAS) | 24.3.21 (122 DAS) |
---|---|---|---|
cm | |||
Prosulfocarb | 9.65 (0.39) # | 12.33 (1.21) | 39.7 (1.94) |
Chlorotoluron + Diflufenican | 9.48 (0.63) | 12.26 (1.45) | 40.5 (3.07) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican | 9.50 (0.33) | 11.86 (0.68) | 38.6 (2.21) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican + Metribuzin | 10.23 (0.13) | 12.53 (0.67) | 42.2 (1.34) |
Untreated control | 9.96 (0.49) | 12.25 (0.87) | 37.6 (1.63) |
Weed-free | 10.09 (0.36) | 13.19 (0.41) | 41.2 (1.29) |
LSD ## (5%) | ns ** | ns | ns |
Treatment | 2021–2022 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spikes m−2 | t ha−1 ** | |||
Prosulfocarb | 498 a * | (23.0) # | 5.04 a | (0.13) |
Chlorotoluron + Diflufenican | 486 ab | (20.2) | 4.49 ab | (0.20) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican | 424 bc | (26.4) | 4.10 b | (0.02) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican + Metribuzin | 464 ab | (18.3) | 4.48 ab | (0.17) |
Untreated control | 394 c | (20.5) | 4.14 b | 0.27) |
Weed-free | 493 a | (31.0) | 5.01 a | (0.18) |
LSD ## (5%) | 66.4 | 0.566 |
Herbicides/Weed Species | Veronica spp. | Lamium spp. | F. officinalis | C. bursa-pastoris | M. recutita | P. rhoeas | L. rigidum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% control * | |||||||
Prosulfocarb | 96 (1.25) # | 94 (1.13) | 92 (0.92) b ** | 91 (1.30) b | 92 (2.14) | 41 (4.79) b | 94 (1.55) |
Chlorotoluron + Diflufenican | 98 (0.92) | 97 (0.92) | 96 (1.13) a | 93 (1.49) b | 94 (1.70) | 94 (1.87) a | 93 (1.34) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican | 96 (1.57) | 98 (0.95) | 97 (0.92) a | 98 (1.64) a | 94 (1.25) | 99 (0.92) a | 97 (0.92) |
Flufenacet + Diflufenican + Metribuzin | 98 (0.92) | 98 (0.92) | 96 (1.13) a | 95 (0.95) ab | 97 (0.92) | 97 (1.01) a | 96 (1.48) |
LSD ^ (5%) | ns *** | ns | 3.01 | 4.11 | ns | 5.26 | ns |
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Gitsopoulos, T.; Georgoulas, I.; Botsoglou, D.; Vazanelli, E. Response of Wheat to Pre-Emergence and Early Post-Emergence Herbicides. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081875
Gitsopoulos T, Georgoulas I, Botsoglou D, Vazanelli E. Response of Wheat to Pre-Emergence and Early Post-Emergence Herbicides. Agronomy. 2024; 14(8):1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081875
Chicago/Turabian StyleGitsopoulos, Thomas, Ioannis Georgoulas, Despoina Botsoglou, and Eirini Vazanelli. 2024. "Response of Wheat to Pre-Emergence and Early Post-Emergence Herbicides" Agronomy 14, no. 8: 1875. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081875