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Article

Analysis of Twenty Years of Suction Trap Data on the Flight Activity of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae, Two Main Vectors of Oilseed Rape Infection Viruses

by
Lucie Slavíková
1,2,
David Fryč
3 and
Jiban Kumar Kundu
1,*
1
Plant Virus and Vector Interactions, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 16106 Prague, Czech Republic
2
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
3
Central Institute for Supervising and Testing of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Plant Pest Diagnostics, Jaselská 552/16, 74601 Opava, Czech Republic
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091931
Submission received: 1 August 2024 / Revised: 26 August 2024 / Accepted: 27 August 2024 / Published: 28 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases and the Threats of Their Arthropod Vectors to Crop Health: Surveillance, Detection, and Early-Warning Systems)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae are the main aphid pests and vectors of viruses that attack many crops, including oilseed rape, the most commonly grown dicotyledonous crop in the Czech Republic. In this study, we analysed the flight activity of both aphids from five suction traps over 20 years (2004–2023). We focussed on (i) the influence of the ban on seed dressing with neonicotinoids on aphid catches, (ii) the influence of the average temperature on flight activity, and (iii) the number of males/females caught in the suction traps. We compared the data on aphid flight activity at the coldest and warmest sites and found that migration starts about 10 days earlier at the warmest site than at the coldest site and that aphid populations are more numerous here. The number of catches in suction traps was observed for both aphids after the ban on neonicotinoids was significantly increased. For M. persicae, it was about 9 times higher, while for B. brassicae, it was about 1.3 times higher. In addition, we observed a significant decrease in the number of males in M. persicae with a simultaneous increase in the number of females (in autumn), which could be an indication of the formation of anholocyclic populations. Overall, our results showed a significantly high abundance of both aphid species depending on the observed locations, which seems to be related to the ban of neonicotinoids. Therefore, an effective alternative is needed to improve the control of aphid vectors that can ensure the stability of crops against aphid-transmitted virus diseases.

1. Introduction

The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) infest oilseed rape on a large scale [1]. They inhibit plant growth; cause plant galls and deformations of leaves, buds, and flowers; and, above all, transmit viruses (e.g., turnip yellows virus-TuYV, Brassica yellows virus-BrYV, turnip mosaic virus-TuMV), which cause economically important diseases [2,3]. Both aphids are vectors for many viruses in crops other than oilseed rape, including vegetables, mustard, poppies, fruit trees, sugar beets, and others. The green peach aphid, also known as the peach–potato aphid, M. persicae, belongs to the family Aphididae in the genus Myzus and was described by Johann Heinrich Sulzer in 1776. It is a heteroecious aphid species that forms alternating populations on peach and ephemeral populations on many secondary hosts [4], which include more than 50 plant families, especially Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, and Asteraceae, of crops, ornamentals, and stone fruits [5,6]. The cabbage aphid, B. brassicae, is a dimorphic and non-host alternating species and is considered one of the most important pests of Brassica crops worldwide [7]. It is native to Europe [8] but is now widespread in temperate and warm–temperate zones of the world [1]. This aphid specialises on plants of the Brassicaceae family [9,10] and is an important pest of cabbage [11].
Due to the limited ability of aphids to regulate their body temperature, the course of winter temperature conditions has a considerable influence on their survival [12]. The typical life cycle is characterised by a succession of several parthenogenetic generations in spring and summer and a single sexual generation (males and oviparous females mating and laying diapausing eggs in autumn). The occurrence of sexual morphs is crucial for the production of fertilised eggs for winter survival [13,14,15]. The seasonal switch from parthenogenesis to sexual reproduction is triggered by the short day length but also by temperature and nutrition [16,17]. In general, mild winters increase the winter survival rate, which is reflected in spring populations and the potential aphid prevalence [18].
The sum of effective temperatures (SET) for a given species is constant and independent of the area in which the pest develops [19]. For the post-diapausal development of green peach aphid eggs, the SET is 45.2 °C above the developmental threshold of 3.1 °C and for the development of founders, 208.4 °C above the developmental threshold of 3.1 °C. [20,21]. The development time of the cabbage aphid generation after winter depends on the plant species (differences between the development time of cabbage and spring oilseed rape), but the SET value of 113.01 °C is above the lower development threshold of 1.68 °C. The fundatrices usually hatch from the eggs in April, but this depends on the sum of the effective temperature and the climatic region [22]. The temperature development in spring has a great influence on the reproduction of the winged forms of both aphids and on the risk of direct damage to crops by sucking activity or infection with viral diseases [23,24].
In this paper, we have analysed the flight activity of the green peach aphid and the cabbage aphid over the last twenty years using data from suction traps. Suction traps consist of devices with a motorised fan that sucks the insects into a fine net. The captured insects are then collected in a sealed container [25,26]. During migration, the spatial distribution of the aphids must become diffuse, as migration depends on the wind. Mortality during host search is of the order of hundreds, possibly thousands, to one, and subsequent reproductive capacity, once a migrant is established, is correspondingly large so that the number and distribution of aphids may depend on distance travelled, host search efficiency, and reproductive rate rather than subsequent mortality [27,28]. We analysed the data of aphids from five suction traps from different locations (e.g., Čáslav, Chrlice, Lípa, Věrovany, Žatec) with different climatic parameters. Seed dressing with neonicotinoids is used in oilseed rape, particularly to protect against aphids and other pests [29]. The analysis was conducted under the EU regulation on this neonicotinoid seed treatment ten years before and after its introduction to investigate its effects on the flight activity of two species of aphids, which are the main vectors of viruses in many crops.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Placement and Characteristics of Suction Traps in the Czech Republic

The flight of aphids was monitored by a national network of suction traps operated by the Central Institute for Supervising and Testing of the Czech Republic. The network consisted of five standard Johnson–Taylor suction traps (12.2 m high) located in Čáslav, Chrlice, Lípa, Věrovany, and Žatec (Table 1, Figure 1). The map of the trap locations and further geographical details can be found at https://mze.gov.cz/public/app/srs_pub/fytoportal/public/#rlp|so|aphb|uvod (10 August 2024). The suction traps were set up in various agricultural production areas in the Czech Republic. They were operated from 1 April to 30 November, and the weekly catches of individual aphid species were recorded. The aphid catches were totalled over the civilian calendar weeks, starting from Monday to Sunday. Each suction trap location was characterised by geographical coordinates, altitude, average temperature, and rainfall totals (Table 1). During this period, the suction traps were in operation 24 h a day.

2.2. Data Analysis

In this article, we addressed three topics based on a 20-year series of catches from suction traps of M. persicae and B. brassicae: (i) the influence of the ban on neonicotinoid-based seed treatments on the maximum catches of M. persicae and B. brassicae, (ii) the influence of average temperature on the flight activity of M. persicae and B. brassicae, and (iii) ratio of males to females of M. persicae and B. brassicae caught in suction traps.

2.2.1. Influence of Ban of Neonicotinoid-Based Seed Dressing on Maximal Catches of M. persicae and B. brassicae

By comparing influence of ban of neonicotinoid-based seed dressing on numbers of green peach aphid and cabbage aphid, we created 2 periods—first, from year 2004 to 2013 (10 years, representing the period before the ban of neonicotinoid), and the second one from 2014 to 2023 (10 years, representing the period after the ban of neonicotinoid). We compared sum of both aphids from all localities from suction traps.

2.2.2. Influence Temperature on Flying Activity of M. persicae and B. brassicae

We compared maximal catches of flying M. persicae and B. brassicae from suction traps during years 2004 to 2023. For comparison the influence of climatic characteristic of each localities, we selected the warmest locality, with lowest altitude (Chrlice), the coldest locality, and highest altitude (Lípa). We used average numbers in each week and sum of all catches also in each weeks from monitored period. The dates of spring and autumn migration of M. persicae and B. brassicae were compared as well as the maximum catches of both aphid species in individual years. We have compared two periods—the spring migration (from the 13th to the 31st week) and the autumn migration (from the 35th to the 50th week).

2.2.3. Ratio of Males to Females of M. persicae and B. brassicae Catches in Suction Traps

We have analysed the data of all five suction traps from the 13th to the 50th of each year. We looked for differences in or unusual catches of males. We also compared the catches of males and females of M. persicae and B. brassicae from suction traps in the years 2004—2023. Since the males only form in autumn, we selected the period from the 38th to the 50th week. We selected two locations for the comparison: Chrlice and Lípa—the coldest and warmest, respectively. The number of males caught in suction traps alone says nothing about the development of sexual forms. The ratio of males to females in aphids is revealing, so the ratio of males to females was assessed in this section. We analysed a trend function of the series.

2.2.4. Statistical Analysis

For the basic statistical analysis, we used the following statistical parameters: average, sum, mean, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, pooled variance, and coefficient of variation as well as two sample t-tests with unequal variances with p-value. The p-value is the evidence against a null hypothesis (the smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence that you should reject the null hypothesis). We used the linear regression to analyse the ratio of males to females caught in suction traps. This is due to the trend in the formation of males in autumn. The coefficient of determination, also known as R2 or “r2”, is the proportion of variation in the dependent variable that is predictable by the independent variable(s). It is a statistic used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is either to predict future outcomes or to test hypotheses based on other related information. It provides a measure of how well-observed results are reproduced by the model based on the proportion of the total variation in results that is explained by the model. The plus or minus for the coefficient a in the regression function indicates an increasing or decreasing trend.

3. Results

3.1. Effects of the Ban on Seed Treatment with Nenonicotinoids on the Maximum Catches of M. persicae and B. brassicae

For both aphids, a very significant increase in catches from suction traps was observed during the period when the ban on insecticidal seed treatment was already in force compared to the period when insecticide-treated seed was used (Figure 2 and Figure S1). For the green peach aphid, the increase in catches from all suction traps was about 9 times higher (from 10,893 to 94,615 M. persicae) and statistically highly significant (p = 0.006), while for the cabbage aphid, it was about 1.3 times higher overall (from 33,802 to 43,874 B. brassicae), although not statistically significant (p = 0.69).

3.2. Influence of the Temperature on the Flight Activity of M. persicae and B. brassicae

Spring migration is the time when the winged aphid migrates from its winter host. The first winged females of M. persicae were found in the 14th week (the first week of April) in suction traps at the warmest site, Chrlice. From the 16th week, the number of winged females caught in Chrlice gradually increases, and at the coldest site, Lípa, spring migration starts about 14 days later (Figure 3). On average, more than 80 winged females were caught in Chrlice, while only 18 winged females were caught in Lípa. The spring population is numerous in Chrlice. In B. brassicae, the flight of winged females and their migration occurs later, on average around the 20th week (around 15 May), although there is also a clear difference between the start of migration in cold and warm regions (Figure 3). The peak of the migration wave of the cabbage aphid in Chrlice is 10 days earlier than in Lipa, but the maximum catches are higher in Lípa (19th–28th week). For the comparison, the period from the 35th week of the year was chosen, which corresponds to the second half of August. This is the period when winter oilseed rape is most frequently sown and these two aphids migrate to the oilseed crop (B. brassicae) to mate and lay their eggs. The autumn pattern of flight activity and catches in the suction traps in the warmest and coldest areas is similar, and the number of winged cabbage aphids from both suction traps is also low. The peak of the autumn migration at the coldest site is in the 39th week and then decreases. In the warmest region, the peak is in the 41st week, two weeks later than at the coldest site (Figure 4). While the average catches of the green peach aphid in the warmer region reach up to 600, the average number of catches in the cold region of Lípa is at the tenth level in the 40th week (Figure 4). The autumn migration of M. persicae is high, higher than the spring migration, in contrast to B. brassicae, where the autumn migration is lower than the spring migration (Figure 5, Tables S1–S3). A two-sample t-test revealed that B. brassicae is more resistant to temperature. No significant difference was found in the number of catches in Chrlice and Lípa than in the number of B. brassicae (p = 0.55). On the contrary, there are significant differences in the data from the warmest and coldest regions for M. persicae catches (p = 0.052). In warm regions, populations of M. persicae are numerous.

3.3. Ratio of Males to Females Caught in Suction Traps

In the case of the cabbage aphid, the males were only caught in suction traps in autumn. In 2023, an unusually high number of B. brassicae males were caught in both monitored traps—Chrlice and Lípa. In the case of Chrlice, there were 126 males (135 females) and, in Lípa, 18 males (22 females). Even in Čáslav, more males than females were caught in the suction trap in the autumn (262 males, 124 females). This phenomenon was completely unusual and was not recorded in any other year during the 20-year observation period. In some years, no males were caught in suction traps (2010, 2014, 2019—Věrovany; 2010, 2014—Lípa; 2004, 2010—Žatec; 2010—2014, 2020—Chrlice; 2005—Čáslav) (Tables S2 and S3). The average ratio of males to females caught in B. brassicae pouch traps is 0.0292 in Chrlice and 0.0146 in Lípa. At the coldest site, the male (M)-to-female (F) ratio is 2 times higher than at the warmest site. The results of M. persicae are significantly different. In Čáslav (2007, 2015, 2016, and 2022), Chrlice (2007), and Žatec (2007, 2019—Dobřichovice), an unusual number of males were caught between the 20th and 23rd week of the year. In some years (2011—Chrlice; 2010 and 2015—Lípa; 2015 and 2020—Věrovany; 2004—Žatec) no males were caught in the suction traps. The ratio of males to females (M/F) (from the sum of catches) in the warm Chrlice region was 0.0052, which corresponds to 5.2 males per 1000 females. In the cold region of Lípa, this ratio was 0.0267—which corresponds to 26.7 males per 1000 females (Figure 6, Table S1).

4. Discussion

Neonicotinoids, a group of systemic insecticides, are widely used in agriculture, with the vast majority being used for seed and soil treatment against insect pests [30]. In May 2013, the European Commission published Regulation (EU) No. 485/2013, which severely restricts neonicotinoid-based seed treatments for many crops, including oilseed rape, sugar beets, and others [31,32,33]. These restrictions appear to have had a negative impact on the overall use of insecticides in many countries and on many crops, including in the Czech Republic. As a result, foliar treatments with insecticides against insects (mainly aphids) have increased significantly on crops such as oilseed rape, sugar beets, and sunflowers [34]. In this report, we analysed how aphid populations respond in terms of abundance before and after seed treatment restriction with neonicotinoids. We monitored two aphid species, the green peach aphid (M. persicae) and the cabbage aphid (B. brassicae), based on flight activity with suction traps from 2004 to 2023. We found that the restriction of seed treatment with neonicotinoids has a significant impact on aphid abundance—in the case of M. persicae, both in spring and autumn, and in the case of B. brassicae, only in spring. Overall, after the restrictions (from 2014), a higher trend in the increasing number of M. persicae can be observed, which is less pronounced for B. brassicae. This result is consistent with the increase in foliar insecticide treatment for aphid control in the Czech Republic or elsewhere in Europe and the USA [34]. The increasing use of similar active ingredients in insecticides can lead to resistance in aphids [35], including neonicotinoids [30,36]. In addition, neonicotinoids are also of concern from an ecological perspective due to their negative effects on non-target pests and their persistence in soil and water [37]. For the effective control of aphids, more sustainable active substances for plant cultivation, especially for field crops, are therefore of great importance [38,39].
Temperature has a considerable influence on the abundance and flight activity of aphids. The flight activity of M. persicae was observed at a warmer site (Chrlice) two weeks earlier than at a site with colder temperatures (Lipa), and the abundance of aphids was highest in autumn, which also reflects the flight activity in spring. The average temperature has a major influence on the timing of spring migration and the abundance of the populations of M. persicae and B. brassicae. This is due to the fact that in a warmer region, the required sum of effective temperatures for the formation of winged forms and their migration to new hosts is reached faster. According to our observations, the migration of M. persicae takes place on average at least 1 month earlier than the migration of the winged forms of B. brassicae in the same place and at the same time. The development of the aphid is faster at warmer temperatures than at cooler temperatures, with the longest development time at 15 °C (11.6 days) and the shortest at 25 °C (5.1 days). A temperature of 32.5 °C was lethal to immature stages of M. persicae. [40]. The B. brassicae showed that their survival was observed at the longest in thermal conditions in autumn and winter, while the highest fecundity was observed at spring temperatures of the aphids. High summer temperatures had a negative impact on the population dynamics of B. brassicae, as they negatively affected the development, survival, longevity, and reproduction of immature individuals [41]. The numerous differences in the spring and autumn migration of both aphids are due to the life cycle of the respective aphids. The autumn migration of the green peach aphid to the winter host is the key to egg laying and successful overwintering. While the cabbage aphid remains in the oilseed rape from autumn onwards, it is a winter host. Their autumn migration is therefore low (Figure 5).
We also observed significant differences in the number of captured male and female aphids between the warm (Chrlice) and cold (Lípa) locations of the suction traps. In the case of B. brassicae, the ratio of males (M) to females (F) was twice as high at the cooler trap site as at the warm trap site. It has been shown that the higher temperature has an adverse effect in population dynamics of B. brassicae [41,42]. In the case of M. persicae, the difference was even greater and was more than fivefold. Furthermore, for both aphid species, it appears that female aphids occur in large numbers at all trap sites, regardless of the average temperature at the sites. This mainly indicates that they could be parthenogenetic females and that sexual reproduction is slightly higher at sites with lower average temperatures, as male aphids were more numerous in Lípa than in Chrlice. A similar observation temperature-associated abundance of male Rhopalosiphum padi was reported in Poland [43]. Male catches have considered as representative for the estimate of local production of sexual migrants, usually males migrate to the primary host to mate with oviparae females. The sexual reproduction of aphids largely depends on the average climatic conditions of a given site [44]. A decreasing number of males in combination with an increase in the number of females in the suction traps could be a sign of the formation of anholocyclic populations. Climatic conditions in a warmer region (such as higher average temperatures and lower precipitation totals) favour the formation of anholocycles. Photoperiodic changes direct the reproductive mode in aphids, and temperature can modulate the number of males [17], as the production of sexual morphs is higher at 12 °C than at 17 °C in most clonal lineages of M. persicae [45]. In regions with cold winters, most aphid genotypes switch to the exclusive production of sexual forms, unlike in regions with warm winters, where populations usually consist of genotypes that reproduce purely parthenogenetically throughout the year [46]. In regions with unpredictable winter climates, aphid populations comprise intermediate (or mixed) genotypes that are capable of producing both sexual and parthenogenetic forms in response to photoperiodic changes [13,47]. The unusually early formation of green peach aphid males in Čáslav, Chrlice, and Žatec (suction traps), which was observed in several years in the same period—between the 21st and 23rd—could originate from androcyclic clones, which, unlike holocyclic clones, do not have an interval timing mechanism that prevents a reaction to critical night lengths in spring [27]. Cabbage aphids were only caught in suction traps in autumn.

5. Conclusions

The restriction of the use of neonicotinoid-based insecticides either for foliar application or seed treatment under the EU Directive (No 485/2013) is of great importance for crop protection in the EU and elsewhere in the world. In this work, we have analysed two aphid species, M. persicae and B. brassicae, which are associated with the transmission of viral pathogens of economic importance to many crops, particularly those where insecticides are used for seed treatment (e.g., oilseed rape, sugar beets). Over a period of twenty years (2004–2023), the data from five suction traps at different locations with different climatic parameters were observed and analysed. A significantly high abundance of both aphid species was subsequently observed, which is related to the restrictions on seed treatment with neonicotinoids (from 2014). Apart from a single higher spring pick for both aphid species, several larger picks with a high abundance of M. persicae were recorded in autumn. It is also striking that due to the withdrawal of insecticide seed treatment, an increasing number of viruses appeared in various crops such as oilseed rape [29,48] and sugar beet [49,50]. Thus, our results show that there is an urgent need to use an alternative seed treatment active ingredient that could replace neonicotinoid to improve the efficacy of aphid vector control and ensure crop stability against virus diseases.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy14091931/s1, Figure S1: The migration of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae in the course of the year—the average of all suction traps and all years; Table S1: The catches of males and females of Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae at the warmest and coldest location of the traps; Table S2: The catches of Myzus persicae—males and females—in the years 2004–2023 in all traps; Table S3: Catches of Brevicoryne brassicae—males and females—in the years 2004–2023 in all traps.

Author Contributions

Conceptualisation, L.S. and J.K.K.; methodology, L.S., D.F. and J.K.K.; validation, L.S. and J.K.K.; formal analysis, L.S.; investigation, L.S., D.F. and J.K.K.; resources, D.F.; data curation, D.F. and L.S.; writing—original draft preparation, L.S. and J.K.K.; writing—review and editing, J.K.K.; visualisation, L.S., D.F. and J.K.K.; supervision, J.K.K. project administration, J.K.K.; funding acquisition, J.K.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work was supported by the project no. Mze RO0423 from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Czech Republic.

Data Availability Statement

Data are included in the article or Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Agronomy 14 01931 g001
Figure 1. A map (the Czech Republic) of the locations of the suction traps: the rings on the map show the radius of action of the suction traps (r = 80 km) (D—Germany, PL—Poland, SK—Slovakia, A—Austria).
Figure 1. A map (the Czech Republic) of the locations of the suction traps: the rings on the map show the radius of action of the suction traps (r = 80 km) (D—Germany, PL—Poland, SK—Slovakia, A—Austria).
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Figure 2. A comparison of the abundance of M. persicae and B. brassicae (the sum of all traps) before (2004–2013) and after (2014–2023) the ban on neonicotinoids.
Figure 2. A comparison of the abundance of M. persicae and B. brassicae (the sum of all traps) before (2004–2013) and after (2014–2023) the ban on neonicotinoids.
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Figure 3. The average catches of M. persicae from the Chrlice and Lípa suction traps from the spring (p-value 0.028) and autumn (p-value 0.028) migration from the years 2004–2023, (x-axis: weak numbers of the year; y-axis: number of aphids). The differences between the average catches from Chrlice and Lípa are statistically significant.
Figure 3. The average catches of M. persicae from the Chrlice and Lípa suction traps from the spring (p-value 0.028) and autumn (p-value 0.028) migration from the years 2004–2023, (x-axis: weak numbers of the year; y-axis: number of aphids). The differences between the average catches from Chrlice and Lípa are statistically significant.
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Figure 4. The average catches of B. brassicae from the Chrlice and Lípa suction traps from the spring (p-value 0.51) and autumn (p-value 0.998) migration from the years 2004–2023, (x-axis: weak numbers of the year; y-axis: number of aphids). The differences between the average catches from Chrlice and Lípa are not statistically significant.
Figure 4. The average catches of B. brassicae from the Chrlice and Lípa suction traps from the spring (p-value 0.51) and autumn (p-value 0.998) migration from the years 2004–2023, (x-axis: weak numbers of the year; y-axis: number of aphids). The differences between the average catches from Chrlice and Lípa are not statistically significant.
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Figure 5. The distribution of the catches of M. perscicae and B. brassicae during spring and autumn migration. Spring migration by B. brassicae is more numerous than by M. persicae. Autumn migration is high by M. persicae because in autumn, B. brassicae does not migrate, aphids lay eggs into oilseed rape, and the oilseed rape is for the B. brassicae winter host.
Figure 5. The distribution of the catches of M. perscicae and B. brassicae during spring and autumn migration. Spring migration by B. brassicae is more numerous than by M. persicae. Autumn migration is high by M. persicae because in autumn, B. brassicae does not migrate, aphids lay eggs into oilseed rape, and the oilseed rape is for the B. brassicae winter host.
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Figure 6. The ratio of male catches of M. persicae (left) and B. brassicae (right) in Chrlice and Lipa (x-axis: year; y-axis: the ratio of male/female aphids) and linear trend function (indicated in dot lines). The ratio of male-to-female aphids is increasing in B. brassicae (coefficient a = 0.0117 and 0.0086 in Chrlice and in Lípa, respectively), and it is also confirmed that it is gradually decreasing in M. persicae (this is evident not only from the course of the linear function but also from the negative coefficient a = −0.0034 and −0.004 in Chrlice and in Lípa, respectively).
Figure 6. The ratio of male catches of M. persicae (left) and B. brassicae (right) in Chrlice and Lipa (x-axis: year; y-axis: the ratio of male/female aphids) and linear trend function (indicated in dot lines). The ratio of male-to-female aphids is increasing in B. brassicae (coefficient a = 0.0117 and 0.0086 in Chrlice and in Lípa, respectively), and it is also confirmed that it is gradually decreasing in M. persicae (this is evident not only from the course of the linear function but also from the negative coefficient a = −0.0034 and −0.004 in Chrlice and in Lípa, respectively).
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Table 1. Location of Johnson–Taylor-type traps and their characteristics.
Table 1. Location of Johnson–Taylor-type traps and their characteristics.
LocalityGeographical Coordinatesm.a.s.l.Avarage Temperature (°C)Precipitation (mm/Year)
Čáslav49°54′10.015″ N 15°24′53.193″ E2608.9555
Chrlice49°7′25.856″ N 16°38′2.599″ E1909.0451
Lípa49°33′22.133″ N 15°32′13.146″ E5057.5594
Věrovany49°28′24.380″ N 17°16′27.069″ E2078.7502
Žatec *50°18′12.020″ N 13°31′16.407″ E2859.0439
* Since 2019, the suction trap has been moved from Žatec to Dobřichovice (with similar characteristics to Žatec).
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Slavíková, L.; Fryč, D.; Kundu, J.K. Analysis of Twenty Years of Suction Trap Data on the Flight Activity of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae, Two Main Vectors of Oilseed Rape Infection Viruses. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091931

AMA Style

Slavíková L, Fryč D, Kundu JK. Analysis of Twenty Years of Suction Trap Data on the Flight Activity of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae, Two Main Vectors of Oilseed Rape Infection Viruses. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091931

Chicago/Turabian Style

Slavíková, Lucie, David Fryč, and Jiban Kumar Kundu. 2024. "Analysis of Twenty Years of Suction Trap Data on the Flight Activity of Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae, Two Main Vectors of Oilseed Rape Infection Viruses" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091931

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