Quantitative and Qualitative Relationships between Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis Biomarkers and Lignin in Soil from the Tibetan Plateau (China) under Laboratory Incubation Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Sampling
2.3. Incubation Experiment
2.4. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
2.5. Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Relative Abundance of Lignin in Alpine Grassland Soils
3.2. Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis
3.3. The Relationship between Lignin and Phospholipid Fatty Acids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Sites | East Longitude | North Latitude |
---|---|---|
Alpine meadow site 1 | 91.1115° | 30.7499° |
Alpine meadow site 2 | 91.9799° | 31.3774° |
Alpine meadow site 3 | 92.0694° | 31.7286° |
Alpine meadow site 4 | 91.7296° | 31.7164° |
Alpine meadow site 5 | 88.6991° | 30.9571° |
Alpine steppe site 1 | 90.7768° | 31.3887° |
Alpine steppe site 2 | 88.6999° | 31.1236° |
Alpine steppe site 3 | 87.4833° | 31.5048° |
Alpine steppe site 4 | 86.5031° | 31.9320° |
Alpine steppe site 5 | 85.3560° | 32.0315° |
Grassland Type | Alpine Meadow | Alpine Steppe |
---|---|---|
Before | 4.71% ± 1.04% Aa | 1.66% ± 1.39% Ba |
After | 1.32% ± 0.58% Ab | 1.56% ± 2.42% Aa |
Component/% | Alpine Meadow | Alpine Steppe | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AM1 | AM2 | AM3 | AM4 | AM5 | AS1 | AS2 | AS3 | AS4 | AS5 | ||
Before | 1-Butanol, 2-ethyl- | 4.34 | 4.78 | 5.71 | 9.20 | 3.29 | 6.10 | 11.04 | 12.85 | 12.12 | 6.92 |
1-Pentanol, 2-methyl- | 40.63 | 29.17 | 30.15 | 33.03 | 24.63 | 24.99 | 19.44 | 18.60 | 18.13 | 4.81 | |
3-Hexyne-2,5-diol | 0.00 | 22.59 | 26.12 | 27.39 | 28.33 | 26.80 | 18.21 | 18.41 | 19.15 | 16.89 | |
3,5-hexadien-2-ol | 2.88 | 5.56 | 2.57 | 4.08 | 3.61 | 4.08 | 2.81 | 2.99 | 4.06 | 2.97 | |
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol | 9.35 | 11.37 | 3.20 | 6.14 | 14.90 | 12.04 | 2.15 | 1.97 | 2.18 | 8.33 | |
Ethanol, 2-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]- | 4.56 | 4.33 | 2.70 | 4.45 | 5.12 | 5.44 | 3.29 | 2.47 | 4.63 | 2.80 | |
Benzenemethanol, α-ethyl-4-methoxy- | 38.24 | 22.19 | 29.55 | 15.71 | 20.12 | 20.55 | 43.06 | 42.70 | 39.74 | 57.28 | |
After | 1-Butanol, 2-ethyl- | 58.59 | 0.00 | 43.81 | 32.42 | 34.14 | 24.90 | 29.14 | 7.06 | 10.59 | 38.96 |
1-Pentanol, 2-methyl- | 0.00 | 0.00 | 32.28 | 26.18 | 23.29 | 18.79 | 31.50 | 23.45 | 18.52 | 18.19 | |
3-Hexyne-2,5-diol | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.46 | 2.66 | 2.85 | 9.12 | 3.62 | 30.59 | 28.59 | 17.49 | |
3,5-hexadien-2-ol | 7.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.23 | 4.66 | 5.41 | 6.93 | 12.07 | 7.48 | 2.98 | |
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol | 13.03 | 52.54 | 3.96 | 8.20 | 13.12 | 7.59 | 3.23 | 4.62 | 7.48 | 5.21 | |
Ethanol, 2-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]- | 14.81 | 47.46 | 11.40 | 20.30 | 15.84 | 28.92 | 20.83 | 15.84 | 23.01 | 6.10 | |
Benzenemethanol, α-ethyl-4-methoxy- | 6.35 | 0.00 | 5.08 | 5.01 | 6.09 | 5.26 | 4.74 | 6.36 | 4.34 | 11.06 |
PLFA Biomarkers/nmol g−1 | Grassland Type | |
---|---|---|
Alpine Meadow | Alpine Steppe | |
Bacteria | 23.64 ± 3.06 a | 11.50 ± 1.51 b |
Fungal | 3.70 ± 0.54 a | 2.03 ± 0.31 b |
Actinibacteria | 1.96 ± 0.27 a | 1.22 ± 0.15 b |
Gram-positive bacteria | 10.92 ± 1.29 a | 5.26 ± 0.63 b |
Gram-negative bacteria | 6.14 ± 0.86 a | 3.14 ± 0.43 b |
Total PLFAs | 46.37 ± 5.16 a | 23.96 ± 3.07 b |
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Yangzom, D.; Ma, S.; Lu, X. Quantitative and Qualitative Relationships between Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis Biomarkers and Lignin in Soil from the Tibetan Plateau (China) under Laboratory Incubation Conditions. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091980
Yangzom D, Ma S, Lu X. Quantitative and Qualitative Relationships between Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis Biomarkers and Lignin in Soil from the Tibetan Plateau (China) under Laboratory Incubation Conditions. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091980
Chicago/Turabian StyleYangzom, Degyi, Shuqin Ma, and Xuyang Lu. 2024. "Quantitative and Qualitative Relationships between Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis Biomarkers and Lignin in Soil from the Tibetan Plateau (China) under Laboratory Incubation Conditions" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091980