Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soil under Native Pastures in the Pantanal Wetland Biome, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterization of the Areas under Study
2.2. Determination of Soil Attributes
2.3. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Pastures on Soil Carbon Content and Stock
3.2. Effect of Pastures on N Content and Soil C/N Ratio
3.3. SOM Fractionation and Relationships among Fractions
3.4. Interdependence Relationship among Pastures, SOM Fractions, and C and N Stocks
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Natural Pastures
4.2. SOM Humification in Native Pasture Areas
5. Conclusions
- Native pastures characterized by the predominance of Axonopus purpusii and Hymenachne amplexicaulis presented an increase in soil organic matter content when subjected to the absence of grazing for five years. The native pasture of Mesosetum chaseae had lower soil bulk density and lower contents of organic matter and nitrogen when subjected to the absence of grazing than under continuous grazing. The native pasture of Hymenachne amplexicaulis exhibited higher organic matter content due to its occurrence in a lower position in the landscape;
- The dynamics of nitrogen in the soil of natural pastures in the Pantanal are strongly influenced by the type of vegetation and land management. The highest nitrogen contents are found in the surface layer (0–10 cm) due to the greater deposition of organic matter with a low degree of decomposition. As soil depth increases, the C/N ratio also increases, indicating a lower availability of assimilable nitrogen;
- Continued monitoring of carbon and nitrogen stocks is crucial to assess the long-term impacts of land-use changes. Future research should focus on how agricultural intensification and different cropping systems can be adjusted to maximize carbon capture and nitrogen retention, thus contributing to the sustainability of Pantanal ecosystems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pasture | Total Carbon (g kg−1) | Soil Bulk Density (kg dm−3) | Carbon Stock (Mg ha−1) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | |
Ap-G | 8.62 Ba | 4.61 Ab | 1.01 Ac | 14.24 | 1.28 Ab | 1.37 Aa | 1.35 Aa | 4.00 | 13.19 Aa | 6.35 Ab | 0.68 Ac | 21.15 |
Ap-N | 10.36 Aa | 3.78 Ab | 1.81 Ac | 15.95 | 1.17 Bb | 1.38 Aa | 1.33 Aa | 3.88 | 10.12 Ba | 5.16 Ab | 1.21 Ac | 20.11 |
Ha-G | 80.6 Ba | 55.56 Bb | 4.57 Ac | 140.73 | 0.48 Bc | 0.88 Ab | 1.44 Aa | 2.80 | 55.13 Aa | 48.51 Ab | 3.3 Ac | 92.98 |
Ha-N | 129.67 Aa | 68.91 Ab | 5.03 Ac | 203.61 | 0.68 Ac | 0.75 Ab | 1.43 Aa | 2.86 | 61.27 Aa | 51.75 Aa | 3.6 Ab | 127.41 |
Mc-G | 7.51 Aa | 3.31 Ab | 2.75 Ab | 13.57 | 1.33 Aa | 1.33 Aa | 1.31 Aa | 3.97 | 10.01 Aa | 4.41 Ab | 1.8 Ac | 20.66 |
Mc-N | 5.64 Ba | 3.56 Ab | 2.52 Ab | 11.72 | 1.25 Ba | 1.30 Aa | 1.26 Aa | 3.81 | 7.02 Ba | 4.62 Ab | 1.59 Ac | 20.38 |
Pasture | Total Nitrogen (g kg−1) | Nitrogen Stock (Mg ha−1) | C/N | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 20–40 | |
Ap-G | 0.78 Aa | 0.34 Ab | 0.06 Ac | 1.18 | 1.00 Aa | 0.47 Ab | 0.15 Bc | 1.62 | 13.17 Ab | 13.62 Ab | 18.26 Aa | 45.05 |
Ap-N | 0.63 Ba | 0.27 Ab | 0.12 Ac | 1.02 | 0.74 Ba | 0.38 Ab | 0.33 Ab | 1.45 | 13.15 Ac | 13.93 Ab | 15.29 Ba | 42.37 |
Ha-G | 7.63 Ba | 5.43 Bb | 0.29 Ac | 13.35 | 5.07 Ba | 4.97 Aa | 0.83 Ab | 10.87 | 10.10 Ab | 10.01 Ab | 16.55 Aa | 36.66 |
Ha-N | 13.06 Aa | 6.57 Ab | 0.30 Ac | 19.93 | 5.97 Aa | 4.74 Ab | 0.85 Ac | 11.56 | 10.12 Ab | 10.38 Ab | 16.95 Aa | 37.45 |
Mc-G | 0.56 Aa | 0.25 Ab | 0.19 Ab | 1.00 | 0.75 Aa | 0.34 Ac | 0.49 Ab | 1.58 | 12.56 Ab | 13.93 Aa | 15.02 Aa | 41.51 |
Mc-N | 0.38 Ba | 0.27 Ab | 0.17 Ac | 0.82 | 0.48 Ba | 0.35 Ab | 0.45 Aa | 1.28 | 13.11 Aa | 13.80 Aa | 14.10 Aa | 41.01 |
Pasture | C-Fulvic Acid (g kg−1) | C-Humic Acid (g kg−1) | C-Humin (g kg−1) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–40 | |
Ap-G | 0.62 Aa | 0.39 Ab | 0.30 Ac | 1.31 | 2.29 Aa | 0.67 Ab | 0.17 Ac | 3.13 | 7.45 Aa | 3.55 Ab | 0.54 Ac | 11.54 |
Ap-N | 0.51 Ba | 0.36 Ab | 0.24 Ac | 1.11 | 1.49 Ba | 0.62 Ab | 0.20 Ac | 2.31 | 6.61 Aa | 2.79 Ab | 1.37 Ac | 10.77 |
Ha-G | 1.12 Ba | 1.27 Aa | 0.36 Ab | 2.75 | 12.82 Ba | 15.60 Aa | 1.69 Ab | 30.11 | 66.66 Ba | 38.69 Bb | 2.53 Ac | 107.88 |
Ha-N | 2.20 Aa | 1.22 Ab | 0.34 Ac | 3.76 | 16.13 Aa | 7.41 Bb | 2.34 Ac | 25.88 | 111.34 Aa | 60.27 Ab | 2.35 Ac | 173.96 |
Mc-G | 0.50 Aa | 0.39 Ab | 0.34 Ac | 1.23 | 1.68 Aa | 0.10 Bb | 0.17 Bb | 1.95 | 5.33 Aa | 2.82 Ab | 2.24 Ab | 10.39 |
Mc-N | 0.48 Aa | 0.39 Aa | 0.35 Ab | 1.22 | 1.23 Ba | 0.56 Ab | 0.36 Ac | 2.15 | 3.94 Ba | 2.62 Ab | 1.81 Ab | 8.37 |
Pasture | C-HAF/C-FAF | C-HAF+C-FAF/C-HuF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–40 | |
Ap-G | 3.68 Aa | 1.70 Ab | 0.57 Ac | 0.39 Ab | 0.30 Ab | 0.87 Aa |
Ap-N | 2.92 Ba | 1.73 Ab | 0.95 Ac | 0.30 Aa | 0.36 Aa | 0.32 Ba |
Ha-G | 11.64 Aa | 12.50 Aa | 5.21 Ab | 0.21 Ab | 0.45 Ab | 0.87 Aa |
Ha-N | 7.40 Aa | 6.04 Ba | 7.26 Aa | 0.17 Ab | 0.15 Bb | 1.14 Aa |
Mc-G | 3.38 Aa | 0.27 Bb | 0.51 Bb | 0.42 Aa | 0.18 Aa | 0.23 Aa |
Mc-N | 2.59 Ba | 1.44 Ab | 1.05 Ab | 0.45 Aa | 0.37 Aa | 0.39 Aa |
0–10 cm Layer | ||
---|---|---|
Principal component | Dim1 | Dim2 |
Explained variance (%) | 81.4 * | 13.5 * |
Correlation | ||
C-fulvic | 0.96 | 0.01 |
C-humic | 0.97 | 0.11 |
C-humin | 0.98 | 0.08 |
C-stock | 0.93 | 0.24 |
N-stock | −0.38 | 0.87 |
0–20 cm Layer | ||
Principal component | Dim1 | Dim2 |
Explained variance (%) | 83.8 * | 8.1 * |
Correlation | ||
C-fulvic | 0.96 | −0.12 |
C-humic | 0.96 | −0.25 |
C-humin | 0.97 | −0.18 |
C-stock | 0.84 | 0.07 |
N-stock | 0.79 | 0.49 |
20–40 cm layer | ||
Principal component | Dim1 | Dim2 |
Explained variance (%) | 59.4 * | 26.4 * |
Correlation | ||
C-fulvic | 0.40 | 0.70 |
C-humic | 0.80 | −0.35 |
C-humin | 0.85 | 0.42 |
C-stock | 0.89 | −0.02 |
N-stock | −0.45 | 0.78 |
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Freitas, D.A.F.d.; Silva, M.L.N.; Cardoso, E.L.; Oliveira, D.M.d.S.; Moitinho, M.R.; Curi, N. Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soil under Native Pastures in the Pantanal Wetland Biome, Brazil. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091994
Freitas DAFd, Silva MLN, Cardoso EL, Oliveira DMdS, Moitinho MR, Curi N. Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soil under Native Pastures in the Pantanal Wetland Biome, Brazil. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091994
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Diego Antonio França de, Marx Leandro Naves Silva, Evaldo Luis Cardoso, Dener Marcio da Silva Oliveira, Mara Regina Moitinho, and Nilton Curi. 2024. "Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soil under Native Pastures in the Pantanal Wetland Biome, Brazil" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091994