Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Experimental Site and Characterization of Climate and Soil
2.2. Plant Material
2.3. Experimental Design and Treatments
2.4. Agricultural Practices
2.5. Agronomic Characteristics Studied
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Main Effects of Cultivar and Sowing Date
3.2. Effects of Cultivar and Sowing Date on Morphological and Yield Characteristics
3.2.1. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on Plant Height of Rye
3.2.2. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Flag Leaf Area
3.2.3. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Number of Spikes
3.2.4. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Number of Grains Per Spike
3.2.5. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Length of Spikes
3.2.6. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Thousand-Grain Weight
3.2.7. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Grain Yield
3.2.8. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the above Ground Biomass
3.2.9. Effect of Cultivar and Sowing Date on the Harvest Index
3.3. Relationship between Variables and Ranking of Cultivars
4. Discussion
4.1. Plant Height
4.2. Grain Yield, and Yield Structural Elements
4.3. Effect of Sowing Date on Yield Characteristics
4.4. Interaction between Cultivars and Sowing Date
4.5. Correlations between Studied Variables and Their Relationship with Sowing Date
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Winter Rye Growing Season of 2021/2022 | |||||||
November | December | January | February | March | April | ||
Temperature °C | Max. | 20.30 | 15.90 | 17.90 | 19.52 | 26.66 | 32.60 |
Min. | 9.00 | 4.70 | 3.70 | 2.10 | 13.20 | 18.90 | |
Average | 14.65 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 10.81 | 19.93 | 25.75 | |
Accumulative temperature | 307.5 | 182.9 | 198.4 | 185.89 | 481.43 | 460.5 | |
Precipitation (mm) | 0.7 | 2.349 | 4.2 | 0.07 | 1.41 | 3.2 | |
Winter Rye Growing Season of 2022/2023 | |||||||
November | December | January | February | March | April | ||
Temperature °C | Max. | 25.10 | 17.70 | 17.10 | 17.46 | 24.65 | 30.30 |
Min. | 7.1 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 1.82 | 10.99 | 16.5 | |
Average | 16.1 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 9.64 | 17.82 | 23.4 | |
Accumulative temperature | 351 | 195.3 | 170.5 | 151.96 | 416.02 | 570 | |
Precipitation (mm) | 0.5 | 1.019 | 5.3 | 0.13 | 0.91 | 4.9 |
Soil Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
pH | 7.22 |
Electrical conductivity (dS m−1) | 2.7 |
Organic matter (%) | 0.56 |
Available nitrogen (mg L−1) | 25.16 |
Available phosphorous (mg L−1) | 9.5 |
Available potassium (mg L−1) | 181.0 |
2021/2022 | 2022/2023 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultivar | Sowing Date | Date of Harvest | Cultivar | Sowing Date | Date of Harvest |
Krzyca | 01.11.2021 | 09.04.2022 | Krzyca | 01.11.2022 | 08.04.2023 |
Dańkowskie złote | 15.11.2021 | 12.04.2022 | Dańkowskie złote | 15.11.2022 | 10.04.2023 |
Horyzo | 01.12.2021 | 16.04.2022 | Horyzo | 01.12.2022 | 13.04.2023 |
Effect | Value | F | Hypothesis df | Error df | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.001 | 2909.133 | 9 | 28 | <0.001 |
Crop year | 0.890 | 0.384 | 9 | 28 | 0.933 |
Cultivar | 0.041 | 12.228 | 18 | 56 | <0.001 |
Sowing date | 0.389 | 1.879 | 18 | 56 | 0.038 |
Crop year × Cultivar | 0.879 | 0.207 | 18 | 56 | 1.000 |
Crop year × Sowing date | 0.929 | 0.116 | 18 | 56 | 1.000 |
Cultivar × Sowing date | 0.075 | 2.942 | 36 | 106.67 | <0.001 |
Crop year × Cultivar × Sowing date | 0.123 | 0.424 | 9 | 31 | 1.000 |
Effect | Value | F | Hypothesis df | Error df | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.001 | 3505.140 | 9 | 37 | <0.001 |
Cultivar | 0.045 | 15.374 | 18 | 74 | <0.001 |
Sowing date | 0.402 | 2.369 | 18 | 74 | 0.005 |
Cultivar × Sowing date | 0.08 | 3.747 | 36 | 140.39 | <0.001 |
Source of Variation | PH | FLA | SN | GN | SL | TGW | GY | AGB | HI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CV | 63.53 ** | 33.21 ** | 1.12 ns | 35.50 ** | 14.227 ** | 6.55 ** | 29.60 ** | 23.15 ** | 12.21 ** |
SD | 5.65 ** | 6.11 ** | 6.50 ** | 4.62 * | 8.611 ** | 0.47 ns | 12.14 * | 16.58 ** | 0.32 ns |
CV × SD | 3.12 * | 0.71 ns | 2.31 ns | 2.18 ns | 0.009 ns | 6.29 ** | 0.97 ns | 1.52 ns | 2.39 ns |
DS | PH | FLA | SN | GN | SL | TGW | GY | AGB | HI | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DS | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||
PH | −0.22 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||
FLA | −0.31 | * | 0.64 | ** | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
SN | −0.43 | ** | 0.13 | 0.37 | ** | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
GN | −0.25 | 0.66 | ** | 0.63 | ** | 0.21 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
SL | −0.42 | ** | 0.60 | ** | 0.62 | ** | 0.27 | 0.58 | ** | 1.00 | ||||||||||
TGW | 0.03 | 0.32 | * | 0.20 | −0.04 | 0.43 | ** | 0.22 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
GY | −0.43 | ** | 0.67 | ** | 0.67 | ** | 0.53 | ** | 0.72 | ** | 0.69 | ** | 0.45 | ** | 1.00 | |||||
AGB | −0.50 | ** | 0.65 | ** | 0.70 | ** | 0.56 | ** | 0.52 | ** | 0.71 | ** | 0.38 | ** | 0.87 | ** | 1.00 | |||
HI | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.43 | ** | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.22 | −0.26 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Cultivar/Sowing Date | PH | FLA | SN | GN | SL | TGW | GY | AGB | HI | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Krzyca’/01 Nov. | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 5.3 |
‘Krzyca’/15 Nov. | 4 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 9 | 6.2 |
‘Krzyca’/01 Dec. | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7.7 |
‘Dańkowskie złote’/01 Nov. | 7 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 5.0 |
‘Dańkowskie złote’/15 Nov. | 8 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 5.1 |
‘Dańkowskie złote’/01 Dec. | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 7.1 |
‘Horyzo’/01 Nov. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 1.8 |
‘Horyzo’/15 Nov. | 2 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2.8 |
‘Horyzo’/01 Dec. | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4.0 |
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Altai, D.S.K.; Noaema, A.H.; Alhasany, A.R.; Hadházy, Á.; Mendler-Drienyovszki, N.; Abido, W.A.E.; Magyar-Tábori, K. Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091995
Altai DSK, Noaema AH, Alhasany AR, Hadházy Á, Mendler-Drienyovszki N, Abido WAE, Magyar-Tábori K. Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq. Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091995
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltai, Dhurgham Sabeeh Kareem, Ali H. Noaema, Ali R. Alhasany, Ágnes Hadházy, Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki, Waleed A. E. Abido, and Katalin Magyar-Tábori. 2024. "Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091995