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Article

Effect of Different Post-Flowering Photoperiods on Main Agronomic Traits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime)

by
Cai Ren
1,*,
Lamei Jiang
1,
Weizhi Chen
2 and
Ziyi Wang
2
1
College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2
College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092039
Submission received: 2 August 2024 / Revised: 1 September 2024 / Accepted: 3 September 2024 / Published: 6 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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Abstract

:
Reproductive growth is one of the most important stages in the life history of plants and is regulated by photoperiod. However, the effect of different photoperiods after flowering on the reproductive growth stages of different plants and their roles is still unclear. For this reason, this study took the short-day plant strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime) as the research object, performed different photoperiod treatments (ND: natural daylight; SD: short daylight; LD: long daylight) after flowering, and studied the effects of photoperiod on fruit growth period, fruit quality, flower opening, and plant height in different inflorescence of fruits. The results showed that different photoperiods had significantly different effects on the growth and development of strawberries after flowering, and LD and SD had opposite effects: (1) Under the condition of SD, the fruit matured after 17 days of treatment, while the LD and ND advanced this by 6 and 5 days. LD could significantly delay the development of the first inflorescence of fruits, resulting in longer ripening period and fruit appearance, and the quality traits were better. (2) The number of flowers in the secondary inflorescence and the development process was effectively accelerated by LD, and the total number of flowers under the long-day treatment was significantly more than that under the short-day treatment and the natural condition from 12 to 25 days after the end of the flowering period. Under the condition of LD, the fruits matured after 53 days of treatment, which was 5 days earlier than the other two treatments, and the period from flowering to maturity was shortened. (3) The effect of different photoperiods on the final plant height of strawberries after flowering had no significant difference (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that photoperiod could effectively regulate the reproductive growth stage of strawberry after flowering, which enriched the experimental material and theoretical basis for studying the photoperiod as a mechanism for regulating plant growth and development, providing technical guidance for artificial regulation of strawberry growth period and fruit quality.

1. Introduction

In the process of plant growth and development, light is the main source of energy and also a very important and complex environmental signal. Its three basic attributes are light quality, light intensity, and light period [1,2]. Among them, the concept of photoperiod was first proposed by American scholars W.W. Garner and H.A. Allard in 1920, referring to the alternating changes in the length of the light and dark periods in the day/night cycle [3]. Numerous experiments have shown that the photoperiod has a significant impact on the growth and development of organisms, such as plant flowering and fruiting, leaf shedding and dormancy, animal reproduction, hibernation, migration, and molting [4,5]. In order to adapt to environmental changes, organisms will have a regular response to the length of sunlight, and this effect of day and night length on organisms is called the photoperiod phenomenon [4,5]. The research on the effects of photoperiod on plant growth and development is reflected in seed germination, seedling and nutrient organ growth, flowering induction, flower bud differentiation, flowering and fruiting, leaf shedding, and dormancy, almost covering the entire process of the life cycle [6,7,8,9]. The growths of angiosperm include two stages: vegetative growth and reproductive growth. From seed germination, the first stage is the growth of nutrient organs such as roots, stems, and leaves, which is called vegetative growth; after a period of vegetative growth, plants begin to form flowers, and after flowering, pollination and fertilization occur to form fruits and seeds. The processes of flower, fruit, and seed formation belong to reproductive growth [10]. The reproductive growth stage of plants after flowering seems to be independent and different from the photoperiod response type of flowering: Studies have shown that photoperiod response exists throughout the entire process of soybean (short-day plant) emergence to maturity, and the growth and development after flowering are still strictly regulated by photoperiod. Longer sunshine hours can lead to delayed reproductive growth of soybean, and even longer sunshine hours can cause a whole-plant reversal phenomenon towards vegetative growth [11,12]. The photoperiod can also regulate the growth, development, yield, and nutritional quality of long-day plants. For example, long-day treatment after flowering could promote the nutritional growth of potatoes but delay tuber formation and swelling [13,14]. However, the trend of wheat, which is also a long-day plant, being regulated by photoperiod is significantly different. Long-day treatment could promote grain maturity and shorten the reproductive growth period of wheat [15]. Therefore, there is no consensus on the impact of photoperiod on the growth and development of different plants after flowering, and the related research content involves relatively few plant species. The regulation of plant growth and development after flowering by photoperiod may involve at least photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and light signaling pathways, regulating phytohormone, physiological and morphological characteristics. Given the important role of photoperiod in plants and the limited breadth and depth of research, it is necessary to further explore the regulation of reproductive growth stages by photoperiod alone [6,9,16].
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Strawberry in the family Rosaceae, and the light conditions are closely related to the quality of strawberry fruit, which has become an important environmental factor affecting the quality of strawberry fruit yield [17,18]. According to the different flowering responses to photoperiod and the fruiting period, strawberry can be divided into three different types: short-sunshine one-season fruiting type, long-sunshine two-season fruiting type, and sun-neutral continuous fruiting type [19,20]. For the short-sunshine one-season fruiting type strawberry in outside conditions at low temperatures (average daily 15–25 °C) and short sunshine duration (sunshine hours of 10–12 h), the beginning of the differentiation of the flower buds marks the plant’s shift from nutrient growth to reproductive growth. The two-season fruiting strawberries mainly form flower buds under long-sunshine conditions with photoperiods exceeding 12 h. Day-neutral strawberries can produce flowers and fruits continuously under production-suitable temperatures, with flower bud differentiation independent of the sunshine hours [21,22]. Most of the studies on the impact of photoperiod on strawberry growth and development have focused on different photoperiod treatments starting at the seedling stage to study the effects on nutrition and reproduction: An appropriately prolonged photoperiod (16 h/day) effectively promoted leaf photosynthesis, nutrient growth, growth and development, and formation of fruit quality in strawberry plants [23], whereas short-daylight treatments (8 h/day) attenuated strawberry growth and development earlier. The short-sunlight treatment (8 h/day) reduced the growth and development of strawberry plants, advanced ripening, single-fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, yield per plant, and fruit shape index as well as soluble sugar content [24,25]. The reproductive stage after flowering is the key period for strawberry development, yield, and fruit quality whether it is regulated by photoperiod alone, and the magnitude of the effect need to be further investigated.
In this paper, we used Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime (the one-season, short-day strawberry type) as a research material [26] and investigated the effect of photoperiod on the reproductive period of strawberries after flowering through artificially controlled experiments with different photoperiodic treatments (natural conditions, short-day light, and long-day light). The effects of photoperiod on the reproductive period, fruit development, plant height, and other traits of strawberry after flowering were investigated in order to clarify the role of photoperiod on its reproductive stage, to explore the mechanism of plant response to photoperiodic changes, and to provide guidance for the improvement of plant fruit quality and production practice.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material and Growing Conditions

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime) is a short-day plant, and flower bud differentiation can only be completed under low-temperature and short-sunlight conditions. In this paper, we used ‘Akihime’ strawberry as the experimental material, and the plants used were produced from Zhongyuan Agricultural Modern Industrial Park, Wuxiang Town, Hantai District, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province in China. This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the park (33°12′3″ N, 107°34′45″ E, elevation of 527 m, average annual temperature of 16.8 °C) from November 2020 to March 2021. The temperature of the greenhouse was controlled at (10 ± 3) °C (at night) and (22 ± 3) °C (during the day). A temperature of 10–22 °C is a suitable range for normal growth and development of strawberries, and moderate low temperature within this range can promote flowering [21,22]. In November 2020, we selected the uniformly long and strong branches of the stolon of the mother plant for plant-rearing in the greenhouse and transplanted the plants to the greenhouse for planting, adopting the cultivation mode of one-monopoly–two-row (width of the monoculture ridge is 0.4 m, height of the monoculture ridge is 0.2 m, spacing of the rows is 0.2 m, and spacing of the front and back of the plant is 0.2 m) and placing the honey bees in the greenhouse during the flowering stage for assisted pollination.

2.2. Different Photoperiod Processing

To detect the effect of different post-flowering photoperiods on the main agronomic traits of strawberry, we designed three photoperiodic treatments as follows: natural daylight, short-daylight, and long-daylight treatment. (1) Natural-daylight (ND): 118 days (20 November 2020–17 March 2021) during the experimental period with a light/dark cycle of approximately (10.3–12.1) h/(13.7–11.9) h (sunlight hours are sunrise–sunset time) [26]; (2) short daylight (SD): 58 days (20 January 2021–17 March 2021) under natural conditions followed by shade treatment while at the beginning of the terminal flowering stage of the primary inflorescence, with shade from the double-layer black shade net used to achieve no-light effect, where the top of the net was 1.0 m from the ground, the shading time was 14:00–22:00, and the light/dark period was about (6.1–7.1) h/(17.9–16.9) h [23,24]; (3) long daylight (LD): 58 days (20 January 2021–17 March 2021) under natural conditions followed by artificial supplemental light while at the beginning of the terminal flowering stage of the primary inflorescence. Moreover, 60 W white LED lamps were selected as the light source, with the lamps 1.5 m from the ground, using three lamps in total with a 1 m interval between each lamp (light intensity of 60 W LED lamps (light intensity of canopy was 706 lx, Temperature and illuminance recorder TPJ-22-G (Zhejiang Top Yunnong Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) and a fill-lighting time of 18:00–22:00, with a light/dark period of about (14.1–15.1) h/(9.9–8.9) h (Figure 1) [23]. The temperature of the top of the strawberry canopy (at 0.5 m above the ground) was also measured with a mercury thermometer, and there was no difference in temperature between treatments. One row of plants of each photoperiodic treatment with uniform and consistent height and growth and a 3 m (30 plants) ridge length was selected.

2.3. Observation of Growth Stages and Indicators

In this experiment, except for different photoperiods, the management of other conditions such as moisture, soil, and temperature were consistent among the treatments. Growth stages were standard: At the individual level, when the observed plant exhibited certain characteristics of a certain growth period, it was considered that the individual entered a certain growth period; at the population level, 70% (21 plants) of the 30 plants in the population exhibited a certain reproductive period and were considered as having entered the reproductive period of the population [27]. The observation time was from 10:00 to 12:00 every day, with continuous recording of the growth morphology and changes of strawberries. The height of the plant (from the surface to the natural height of the longest leaf) and the size of the fruit were measured using a regular scale (with an accuracy of 1 mm), and the fruit was removed after maturity.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

Microsoft Excel 2013 was used to process and plot raw data. SPSS 24.0 was used to perform analysis of variance on the data. Before analysis, normal distribution and homogeneity of variance tests were performed to meet the requirements of one-way analysis of variance, and multiple comparisons were conducted using the Student–Newman–Keuls (S-N-K) test.

3. Results and Analysis

3.1. Effects of Different Photocycles on the Development of the First Inflorescence of Strawberry Fruits

After flowering, different photoperiod treatments had significant effects on the mature period, size, shape, and fruit quality of the first inflorescence. Under the condition of short-daylight treatment, the fruit matured after 17 days of treatment, while the longer-day treatment and natural-light treatment impacted earlier maturation by 6 and 5 days, respectively. The difference in fruit ripening time between long-daylight and natural-light conditions was not significant, only shortening by one day (Table 1).
The final size of the fruits was measured during the ripening period of the first inflorescence of fruits. Fruit size (longitudinal and transverse diameters) under different photoperiodic treatments differed significantly (p < 0.05), as shown by LD > ND > SD (Figure 2); there was conical fruit under the ND treatment and more misshapen fruits under the short-day light treatment (Figure 3).

3.2. Effects of Different Photoperiodic Treatments on the Development of Second Inflorescence Strawberry Fruits

Differences in the effects of different photoperiodic treatments on the number of flowers and the process of flowering in the second inflorescence of strawberry were significant: The long-day treatment significantly promoted the number and process of flowering in the inflorescences, and the total number of flowers under the long-day treatment was significantly more than that under the short-day treatment and the natural conditions, from 12 to 25 days after the end of the flowering period; the number of flowers was only slightly more than that under the natural condition (21.2) at the 40th day (23.3 at the end of the flowering period) but higher than the number of flowers at 18.8 in the short-day treatment (18.8 flowers) (Figure 4) and more than that under the short-daylight treatment (Figure 4).
Different photoperiod treatments had a significant impact on the development stage of the secondary inflorescence of strawberry fruits, and long-day treatments significantly accelerated reproductive growth. The length of the growth period (from the final flowering period of the first inflorescence of flowers to the maturity period of the secondary inflorescence of fruits) was expressed as ND = SD > LD. Under the condition of long-day treatment, the fruits matured after 53 days of treatment, which was 5 days earlier than the other two treatments. Especially promoting the formation and flowering of inflorescences, the exposure period of inflorescences under long-day treatment was shortened by 11 and 6 days, the flowering period was shortened by 11 and 5 days, the final flowering period was shortened by 9 and 3 days, the berry discoloration period was shortened by 6 and 2 days, and the fruit ripening period was shortened by 5 days under long-day treatment and natural conditions, respectively (Table 2).

3.3. Effects of Different Photocycles on the Final Plant Height of Strawberries

After the experiment ended on 17 March 2021, the final plant height of strawberries was measured. The final plant height of strawberries varied slightly under different photoperiod treatments, with ND > SD > LD, but these differences were not significant (p < 0.05).

4. Discussion

4.1. The Effect of Photoperiod on Plant Reproductive Growth Traits

Light is a crucial environmental factor in the growth and development of plants, providing the necessary energy and heat as well as transmitting signals of light morphogenesis [28,29]. As one of the fundamental properties of light, photoperiod refers to the relative length of day and night in a day, with a relatively stable periodic variation [30]. The response that plants produce in order to adapt to the regular changes in sunlight duration during the photoperiod is called the photoperiod phenomenon, which is also a photomorphogenesis reaction [5]. The entire process of plant growth and development is almost entirely influenced by the photoperiod, and studies have shown that the effects of photoperiod before and after flowering on plant growth and development may be relatively independent events [10,14]. Short-day treatment after flowering can promote seed maturation of photoperiod-sensitive soybean types (short-day plants), but it can reduce the size and dry weight of individual seeds [6,31]. The formation and development of potato tubers can also be promoted through the photoperiod signaling pathway [14,32].
Most of the research on photoperiod regulation of strawberry growth and development has focused on the process from the plant stage to fruit maturity, while there are few reports on photoperiod treatment after flowering [33,34,35]. The flower bud differentiation of short-day-type strawberry is induced by relatively low temperatures and short-day treatment, while higher temperature and long-day treatment can promote flower bud development and fruit quality [25,36]. Strawberries treated with moderately long sunlight duration from the plant stage showed enhanced leaf photosynthesis and promoted growth and development, leading to earlier growth stages from inflorescence to fruit maturity, increased fruit size, single-fruit weight and yield, as well as higher fruit quality, such as vitamin C content and sugar/acid ratio [23,37,38]. Natural light is generally weak during the winter greenhouse cultivation of strawberries, which affects their growth and development. This can be regulated by extending the light duration and increasing the light intensity. Supplementing light during the plant stage enhanced the photosynthesis, final yield, and quality of Fukuoka strawberries (one-season short-day type) [39]. It was also found to promote the flowering and fruit yield of primary inflorescences of strawberries (Xuexiang, Meixiang; one-season short-day type) [40]. Even weak supplementary light (22 μ mol m−2 s−1) treatment after flowering effectively increased the size and yield of the first inflorescence fruits of ‘Hongyan’ strawberry (one-season short-day type) [38]. In ‘Akihime’, the flower number per inflorescence was remarkably increased through an acceleration of leaf photosynthesis, resulting in a significant increase in fruit yield from treated plants [41]. The above results are consistent with this experiment in terms of promoting fruit size and quality of the first inflorescence under conditions of long light duration. The results of our study indicated that different photoperiod treatments have significant differences in the development of the first inflorescence of ‘Akihime’ after flowering. LD treatment could effectively delay fruit ripening, but the fruit size was significantly larger than that under natural conditions and short-day treatment, and the color uniformity was better.
The experimental results of different photoperiod treatments on strawberries (Fukuoka, Xuexiang, Meixiang, and Hongyan) from the plants stage showed that longer-day treatment can promote leaf photosynthesis, secondary inflorescence flower bud differentiation, flowering, and increased fruit yield [36,40,42,43]. Cultivating short-day strawberries (Sweet Charlie, Yanli) in winter greenhouses in the north for one season was found to significantly promote strawberry development and maturity, shorten the growth period, and increase fruit size and yield by supplementary light treatment from the flowering to fruiting periods [44,45]. Providing 14 h of supplementary light per day (automatic supplementary light when the light intensity is below 1 × 104 lx) after the flowering of ‘Hongyan’ strawberries significantly increased the number of inflorescences and fruits, fruit size, and yield in the secondary inflorescence [38]. The above results are consistent with this experiment in terms of promoting the flower number and fruit maturity of the secondary inflorescence under long-day conditions after flowering. The results of this experiment showed that after the end of the first flowering period, long daylight treatments effectively increased the number of flowers in the secondary inflorescence of plants, significantly promoted the growth and development of the secondary inflorescence of fruits, and shortened the growth period.

4.2. The Effect of Photoperiod on Plant Vegetative Growth Traits

On cloudy days with insufficient light and in the morning and evening, a 40 W Rare Earth plant growth lamp was used to continuously supplement the light of “Sweet Charlie” strawberries from the bud emergence stage to the maturity stage. The results showed that longer sunshine could promote plant growth [44]. Using LED (canopy light intensity of 15 μ mol m−2 s−1) and fluorescent lamps (canopy light intensity of 8 μ mol m−2 s−1), ”Hongyan” strawberries with continuous 4 h daily supplementary lighting during the flowering period had a plant height about 10 cm higher than plants under natural conditions [24]. However, when the ”Hongyan” strawberry was treated with LED light supplementation during the flowering period (canopy light intensity of 38 μ mol m−2 s−1), the plant height was only about 1.5 cm higher than the control [46]. There is a certain difference between the above research and the results of this experiment: In this study, there was no significant difference in the effect of different photoperiod treatments on the final plant height of strawberries after the end of the first flowering period, which may be related to factors such as strawberry variety, light source type, light time, and light intensity. Specifically, the reason for this might be that appropriate light intensity had a positive effect on plant height [44,45,46]. In this experiment, strawberry plants grew normally among different treatments, and the differences of light time and light intensity (706 lx) with the LED lamp treatment were not enough to cause a significant increase in plant height.
Results of this study indicated that photoperiod had a significant impact on the fruit traits and ripening period. The effects of LD and SD treatments were basically opposite. An adequately long day length could effectively delay ripening and improve the quality of the primary fruit but promote the ripening of secondary fruit. These results offer important guidance for the greenhouse cultivation of strawberry (Akihime), as fruit ripening time and quality could be regulated by changing artificial lighting time and then adjusting the harvest time according to market prices to improve the economic benefits.
Different photoperiod treatments were performed after flowering to investigate the effects and magnitude of the photoperiod on agronomic traits. However, this study still has certain limitations. From the seedling period to maturity, long-day treatment promoted an increase in photosynthetic products, chlorophyll content, leaf area, carbohydrate content, flower bud differentiation, and flowering quantity in some strawberry plants, ultimately leading to an increase in fruit yield [36,39,40]. However, the investigation overlooked physiological traits, leading to an insufficient explanation of the underlying physiological mechanisms of the observed patterns. The complex interactions between physiological characteristics may have direct or indirect effects on agronomic traits. Clarifying the mechanism is particularly important for understanding the relationship between traits and physiology. More experiments fully considering the effects of photosynthetic characteristics and hormones on strawberry agronomic traits will constitute future research.

5. Conclusions

The growth and development of ‘Akihime’ after flowering were influenced by the photoperiod, with significant effects on fruit maturity, quality, flowering, and other agronomic traits. Plant height was less affected, and the effects on flowering and fruiting fruits varied among different inflorescences. Compared with natural and short-day conditions, long-day treatment after the first inflorescence of flowering could significantly delay the development process of the first inflorescence of fruits, resulting in later fruit ripening, larger and fuller fruits, and better fruit shape. At the same time, long-day treatment increased the number of flowers in the secondary inflorescence, accelerated the ripening of the secondary inflorescence of fruits, and shortened the time from flowering to maturity. The effect of different photoperiod treatments on the final plant height of strawberries after flowering was not significant. These results offer important guidance for the greenhouse cultivation of strawberry (Akihime), as fruit ripening time and quality could be regulated by changing artificial lighting time and then adjusting the harvest time according to market prices to improve the economic benefits. In this research, we did not measure the plant height, branch number, and yield throughout the entire reproductive growth period of strawberries. These indicators should be further studied in the future.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft preparation, C.R.; writing—review and editing, L.J.; C.R.; investigation, W.C. and Z.W.; conceptualization and funding acquisition, C.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160412).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Abbreviations

ND: natural daylight, SD: short daylight, and LD: long daylight.

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Figure 1. Day length of different photoperiod treatments. ND: natural daylight (ND), plants treated 118 days (20 November 2020–17 March 2021); SD: short daylight (SD), plants treated 58 days (20 January 2021–17 March 2021); LD: long daylight (LD), plants treated 58 days (20 January 2021–17 March 2021).
Figure 1. Day length of different photoperiod treatments. ND: natural daylight (ND), plants treated 118 days (20 November 2020–17 March 2021); SD: short daylight (SD), plants treated 58 days (20 January 2021–17 March 2021); LD: long daylight (LD), plants treated 58 days (20 January 2021–17 March 2021).
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Figure 2. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the first inflorescence of strawberry fruit size (data are mean ± SD of 7 fruits). (Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in strawberry size between different treatments (p < 0.05)).
Figure 2. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the first inflorescence of strawberry fruit size (data are mean ± SD of 7 fruits). (Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in strawberry size between different treatments (p < 0.05)).
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Figure 3. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the first inflorescence of strawberry fruit appearance.
Figure 3. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the first inflorescence of strawberry fruit appearance.
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Figure 4. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the secondary inflorescence of total flowers per strawberry plant (Note: Data are the means of six plants. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in the number of flowers between different treatments).
Figure 4. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the secondary inflorescence of total flowers per strawberry plant (Note: Data are the means of six plants. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in the number of flowers between different treatments).
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Table 1. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the primary inflorescence of strawberry developmental stages.
Table 1. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the primary inflorescence of strawberry developmental stages.
Photoperiod TreatmentsDevelopmental Stages (Treatment Time/Day)
Planting DateFinal Flowering PeriodMature Period
ND16283
SD—117
LD—123
— Processing not started, growth stage was the same as ND.
Table 2. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the secondary inflorescence of strawberry fruit growth stages.
Table 2. Effects of different photoperiod treatments on the secondary inflorescence of strawberry fruit growth stages.
Photoperiod
Treatments		Developmental Stages (Treatment Time/Day)
Primary Inflorescence
of Final
Flowering Period		Secondary Inflorescence of Inflorescence
Exposure Period		Secondary Inflorescence of Flowering
Period		Secondary Inflorescence of Final
Flowering Period		Secondary Inflorescence of Berry Color Changing PeriodSecondary Inflorescence of Mature
Period
ND118 25 34 45 58
SD123 31 40 49 58
LD112 2031 43 53
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Ren, C.; Jiang, L.; Chen, W.; Wang, Z. Effect of Different Post-Flowering Photoperiods on Main Agronomic Traits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime). Agronomy 2024, 14, 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092039

AMA Style

Ren C, Jiang L, Chen W, Wang Z. Effect of Different Post-Flowering Photoperiods on Main Agronomic Traits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime). Agronomy. 2024; 14(9):2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092039

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ren, Cai, Lamei Jiang, Weizhi Chen, and Ziyi Wang. 2024. "Effect of Different Post-Flowering Photoperiods on Main Agronomic Traits of Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime)" Agronomy 14, no. 9: 2039. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092039

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