Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Trash-Board Moldboard Plow for the Interaction between Soil and Straw with Two Different Water Content Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Water Content
2.2. Soil Forces on the Trash-Board Moldboard Plow at 30% Water Content and Tool Parameters
2.3. Soil Forces on the Trash-Board Moldboard Plow at 24% Water Content and Tool Parameters
2.4. Soil Displacement and Clod Size
2.5. Straw Displacement
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Site
4.2. Trash-Board Description
4.3. Design and Development of the Trash-Board for the Moldboard Plow
4.4. Experiment Layout
4.5. Measurements
4.6. Field Testing Platform
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The draft was generally the highest without a trash-board and lowest when attaching a trash-board, and only the straw stem had high water content.
- Draft requirement decreased with the installation of a trash-board and increased water content. The trash-board was also closely related to soil cohesion derived from vane shear measurements.
- The trash-board has the largest effect for soil fragmentation at different water content levels, but this may be attributed to the benefit of a trash-board, as shown in the result.
- Both straw length and soil water content impact straw displacement. Thus, it is recommended for farm operators that a trash-board be used with more than 30% water content according to the percentage of straw to be displaced.
- The results indicate that straw nearby shear significantly increased the displacement for all treatments, at variance of that nearby moldboard.
- The present study introduced new experimental methods, which will facilitate research in this area.
- Displacement of soil by moldboard plowing is a severe land degradation process for hilly agricultural land. Reduced soil displacement with a trash-board attachment was also found in other soil conditions, both in bare soil and with standing stubbles. Similar effects of reduced soil displacement were also true for working depths.
- It is better to set a trash-board as high as possible, making sure the front point remains against the shin. This allows the trash-board to turn trash quicker and provide a lighter draft.
- If more trash coverage is desired, then the rear of the trash-board should be lowered; (a) remove and retain nuts from plow bolts, and (b) attach the supporting bracket using existing hardware.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layers mm | 2013 | 2014 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Dry Bulk | Wet Bulk | Normal | Dry Bulk | Wet Bulk | |
Stress (kPa) | Density g/cm3 | Density g/cm3 | Stress (kPa) | Density g/cm3 | Density g/cm3 | |
20 | 0 | 1.07 | 1.49 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 1.05 |
40 | 83 | 1.22 | 1.51 | 30 | 0.30 | 1.20 |
60 | 75 | 1.96 | 1.42 | 60 | 0.28 | 1.14 |
80 | 68 | 1.10 | 1.55 | 60 | 0.32 | 1.27 |
100 | 144 | 1.13 | 1.83 | 68 | 0.35 | 1.39 |
120 | 386 | 1.14 | 1.81 | 212 | 0.40 | 1.58 |
140 | 651 | 1.22 | 1.85 | 204 | 0.45 | 1.81 |
160 | 606 | 1.84 | 1.98 | 333 | 0.44 | 1.76 |
180 | 545 | 1.97 | 2.03 | 568 | 0.47 | 1.86 |
200 | 727 | 2.27 | 2.020 | 569 | 0.51 | 2.03 |
Soil Treatments Moisture | Soil Displacement | Clods Width cm | Clods Length cm | Blank Space | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30% | WTNS | 48.89 | 21.33 | 27.22 | 6.55 |
WTONS | 64.22 | 29.78 | 45.33 | 9.56 | |
WTHS | 46.44 | 20.44 | 48.11 | 10.78 | |
WTOHS | 49.78 | 34.78 | 67.78 | 11.56 | |
24% | WTNS | 31.22 | 20.89 | 19.33 | 4.89 |
WTONS | 39.56 | 24.78 | 25.33 | 7.22 | |
WTHS | 38.78 | 26.2 | 32.11 | 9.44 | |
WTOHS | 41.44 | 32.11 | 41.56 | 12.56 |
Straw Length mm | Forward Straw Displacement mm | Lateral Straw Displacement mm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
with a Trash-Board | without a Trash-Board | with a Trash-Board | without a Trash-Board | |||||
Nearby Shear | Nearby Moldboard | Nearby Shear | Nearby Moldboard | Nearby Shear | Nearby Moldboard | Nearby Shear | Nearby Moldboard | |
2013 | ||||||||
100 | 65.5 (453.3) a | 30.8 (198.1) c | 75.2 (353.7) a | 38.1 (258.1A) b | 38.1 (353.7) a | 70.1 (232A) c | 45.8 (175A) a | 80.5 (353.7) a |
150 | 70.3 (165.5) a | 45.7 (245.1) b | 79.6 (542.8) a | 49.2 (303.1) b | 49.2 (198.1) c | 75.6 (278.4) c | 50.8 (326.2) c | 87.2 (222.2) b |
250 | 73.4 (275.7) b | 50.9 (349.4) a | 83.2 (324.1) a | 55.3 (220.0) c | 55.3 (124.1) b | 80.5 (419.7) a | 68.7 (295.4) c | 99.7 (218.5) a |
2014 | ||||||||
75 | 60 (4272.0) b | 28.8 (353.7) b | 35.4 (415.2) a | 30.2 (353.7) a | 30.2 (471.5) a | 65.4 (298.1) c | 39.5 (398.1) c | 50.6 (353.7) a |
125 | 69.5 (353.7) a | 33.2 (214.1) c | 48.2 (198.1) c | 39.5 (254.7) a | 39.5 (353.7) b | 71.9 (325.7) a | 45.1 (321.0) a | 58.8 (353.7) a |
175 | 87.3 (213.7) a | 45 (198.1) c | 49.4 (353.7) a | 50.6 (198.1) c | 50.6 (153.7) a | 89.2 (353.7) b | 56.5 (251.7) b | 66.6 (214.3) c |
225 | 93.5 (353.7) a | 57.2 (353.7) b | 63.4 (251.7) c | 66.1 (145.4) a | 66.1 (325.3) b | 112.8 (323.8) b | 74.2 (453.0) c | 77.8 (353.7A) a |
Items | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|
Soil water content (%) | 30 | 24 |
Soil cohesion (mPa) | 51.39 | 46.284 |
Friction angle (Φ) | 12.85° | 7.81° |
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Abdallah, F.E.; Ding, W.; Ding, Q.; Pan, G. Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Trash-Board Moldboard Plow for the Interaction between Soil and Straw with Two Different Water Content Levels. Agronomy 2016, 6, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6020030
Abdallah FE, Ding W, Ding Q, Pan G. Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Trash-Board Moldboard Plow for the Interaction between Soil and Straw with Two Different Water Content Levels. Agronomy. 2016; 6(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6020030
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdallah, Farid E., Weimin Ding, Qishuo Ding, and Genxing Pan. 2016. "Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Trash-Board Moldboard Plow for the Interaction between Soil and Straw with Two Different Water Content Levels" Agronomy 6, no. 2: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6020030
APA StyleAbdallah, F. E., Ding, W., Ding, Q., & Pan, G. (2016). Design, Development, and Performance Evaluation of a Trash-Board Moldboard Plow for the Interaction between Soil and Straw with Two Different Water Content Levels. Agronomy, 6(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6020030