Leguminous Alley Cropping Improves the Production, Nutrition, and Yield of Forage Sorghum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Area and Treatments
2.2. Establishment of Gliricidia and Leucaena Alleys and Forage Sorghum
2.3. Analysis of Plant Tissue and Sorghum Production
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sorghum Growth
3.2. Morphological Components and Biomass Production of Forage Sorghum
3.3. Leaf Macronutrient Contents
3.4. Sorghum Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Morphological Components of Growth and Biomass Production of Forage Sorghum
4.2. Macronutrient Leaf Contents and Productivity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | |
---|---|
pH (H2O) | 5.3 |
Organic matter (g kg−1) | 6.0 |
Available P (mg dm−3) | 7.48 |
Available K (mg dm−3) | 8.0 |
Ca2+ (cmolc dm−3) | 2.47 |
Mg2+ (cmolc dm−3) | 1.19 |
Al3+ (cmolc dm−3) | 0.04 |
H+ + Al3+ (cmolc dm−3) | 1.78 |
CEC (cmolc dm−3) | 5.46 |
Sand (g kg−1) | 893.5 |
Silt (g kg−1) | 6.5 |
Clay (g kg−1) | 100.0 |
Legume | N (g kg−1) | P (g kg−1) | K (g kg−1) | Ca (g kg−1) | Mg (g kg−1) | Dry Mass (Mg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gliricidia | 32.8 | 2.8 | 17.6 | 14.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 |
Leucaena | 33.1 | 1.7 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 3.2 | 6.0 |
Middle Square | Double Crop | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variation Source | PH | SD | PD | PL | LDM | SDM | PDM | DMDM | TGM | TDM | RDM |
Cultivation systems (C) | 687 * | 0.03 * | 2.5 * | 34 * | 318 * | 6573 * | 14,027 * | 131 * | 389,177 * | 49,341 * | 2108 * |
Mineral fertilization (M) | 4276 * | 0.24 * | 6.3 * | 89 * | 846* | 27,919 * | 47,521 * | 632 * | 1,763,023 * | 192,993 * | 37,439 * |
(C × M) | 484 * | 0.008 * | 0.8 * | 12 * | 33 * | 1445 * | 2102 | 126 * | 124,341 * | 9758 * | 966 * |
CV (%) | 8.5 | 6.7 | 11.8 | 6.9 | 12.3 | 19.7 | 27.8 | 10.6 | 17.4 | 17.7 | 29.0 |
Crop | |||||||||||
Cultivation systems (C) | 68.5 ns | 0.2 * | 0.7 * | 1.1 ns | 1443 * | 50,903 * | 658ns | 155 * | 777,522 * | 81,883 * | 8905 * |
Mineral fertilization (M) | 16450 * | 1.3 * | 12.4 * | 150 * | 19,885 * | 793,331 * | 67,794 * | 2353 * | 1,590,2883 * | 1,797,184 * | 178,427 * |
(C × M) | 55.1 ns | 0.01 * | 0.2 * | 1.2 ns | 841 * | 93 * | 1028 ns | 112 * | 82,518 * | 3378 * | 8815 * |
CV (%) | 8.0 | 12.3 | 9.8 | 4.1 | 15.9 | 17.0 | 15.1 | 25.2 | 12.1 | 13.7 | 26.1 |
Middle Square | Double Crop | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variation Source | Stem/Leaf Relation | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | Yield |
Cultivation systems (C) | 0.1 * | 1.7 * | 0.01 ns | 70.3 * | 0.6 * | 0.5 * | 5259 * |
Mineral fertilization (M) | 0.2 * | 0.004 ns | 0.007 ns | 37.8 * | 0.001 * | 0.3 * | 123,413 * |
(C × M) | 0.06 * | 0.05 * | 0.001 ns | 52.6 | 0.08 * | 0.3 * | 167,987 * |
CV (%) | 26.8 | 7.0 | 3.4 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 21.3 | 16.4 |
Crop | |||||||
Cultivation systems (C) | 0.01 * | 85.8 * | 0.7 * | 0.5 ns | 0.5 * | 0.09 * | 218,755 * |
Mineral fertilization (M) | 0.19* | 0.07 ns | 0.02 ns | 120 * | 0.5 * | 0.5 * | 104,247 * |
(C × M) | 0.002 * | 1.4 ns | 0.05 * | 2.8 ns | 0.1 * | 0.006 ns | 443,964 * |
CV (%) | 14.3 | 10.8 | 14.3 | 9.2 | 13.8 | 15.0 | 12.2 |
Cultivation System | Mineral Fertilization | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent | Present | Average | Absent | Present | Average | Absent | Present | Average | Absent | Present | Average | Absent | Present | Average | |||
N (g kg−1) | P (g kg−1) | K (g kg−1) | Ca (g kg−1) | Mg (g kg−1) | |||||||||||||
Double crop | |||||||||||||||||
Single | 7.2 Aa | 7.3 Aa | - | 1.6 Aa | 1.6 Aa | 1.67A | 10.8 Cb | 17.9 Aa | - | 1.46 Aa | 1.26 Ab | - | 1.2 Aa | 0.6 Ab | - | ||
Gliricidia | 6.8 Aa | 6.7 ABa | - | 1.5 Aa | 1.6 Aa | 1.59B | 16.2 Ba | 18.0 Aa | - | 0.95 Ba | 1.1 ABa | - | 0.7 Ba | 0.6 Aa | - | ||
Leucaena | 6.5 Aa | 6.3 Ba | - | 1.5 Aa | 1.6 Aa | 1.61B | 20.7 Aa | 18.6 Aa | - | 0.81 Ba | 0.9 Ba | - | 0.4 Ca | 0.5 Aa | - | ||
Average | - | - | - | 1.6 a | 1.6 a | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Crop | |||||||||||||||||
Single | 20.9 Ba | 20.0 Ba | 20.5 B | 2.1 Aa | 1.8 Ba | - | 18.3 Ab | 21.1 Aa | 19.7 A | 1.4 Aa | 1.1 Ab | - | 0.9 Aa | 0.6 Ab | 0.78 A | ||
Gliricidia | 23.8 ABa | 24.1 ABa | 23.9 A | 2.0 Aa | 2.0 Ba | - | 16.8 Ab | 21.7 Aa | 19.2 A | 1.1 Ba | 0.7 Bb | - | 0.7 Ba | 0.4 Bb | 0.5 B | ||
Leucaena | 26.1 Aa | 26.5 Aa | 26.3 A | 2.4 Aa | 2.49 Aa | - | 17.3 Ab | 21.6 Aa | 19.4 A | 0.8 Ca | 0.7 Ba | - | 0.8 ABa | 0.5 ABb | 0.7 AB | ||
Average | 23.6 a | 23.5 a | - | - | - | - | 17.4 b | 21.4 a | - | - | - | - | 0.8 a | 0.5 b | - |
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da Costa Leite, R.; Donizetti dos Santos, J.G.; da Costa Leite, R.; Fernandes Sousa, L.; de Sousa Soares, G.O.; Fernandes Rodrigues, L.; Santana da Silva Carneiro, J.; Clementino dos Santos, A. Leguminous Alley Cropping Improves the Production, Nutrition, and Yield of Forage Sorghum. Agronomy 2019, 9, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100636
da Costa Leite R, Donizetti dos Santos JG, da Costa Leite R, Fernandes Sousa L, de Sousa Soares GO, Fernandes Rodrigues L, Santana da Silva Carneiro J, Clementino dos Santos A. Leguminous Alley Cropping Improves the Production, Nutrition, and Yield of Forage Sorghum. Agronomy. 2019; 9(10):636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100636
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Costa Leite, Robson, José Geraldo Donizetti dos Santos, Rubson da Costa Leite, Luciano Fernandes Sousa, Guilherme Octávio de Sousa Soares, Luan Fernandes Rodrigues, Jefferson Santana da Silva Carneiro, and Antonio Clementino dos Santos. 2019. "Leguminous Alley Cropping Improves the Production, Nutrition, and Yield of Forage Sorghum" Agronomy 9, no. 10: 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100636