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Perspective

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Gut Microbiota, and Human (In)Fertility—It Is Time to Consider the Triad

by
Gemma Fabozzi
1,2,*,
Paola Rebuzzini
3,
Danilo Cimadomo
2,*,
Mariachiara Allori
1,
Marica Franzago
4,5,
Liborio Stuppia
4,6,
Silvia Garagna
3,7,
Filippo Maria Ubaldi
2,
Maurizio Zuccotti
3,7,† and
Laura Rienzi
2,8,†
1
B-Woman, Via dei Monti Parioli 6, 00197 Rome, Italy
2
Clinica Valle Giulia, GeneraLife IVF, Via De Notaris 2B, 00197 Rome, Italy
3
Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
4
Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
5
Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
6
Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
7
Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy
8
Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via Sant’Andrea 34, 61029 Urbino, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Cells 2022, 11(21), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11213335
Submission received: 1 September 2022 / Revised: 12 October 2022 / Accepted: 17 October 2022 / Published: 22 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects and Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruptors on Germ Cells, Gonads and Embryos)
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Abstract

The gut microbiota (GM) is a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms living in the human gastrointestinal tract that play an important role in human health and diseases. Recent evidence suggests a strong direct or indirect correlation between GM and both male and female fertility: on the one hand, GM is involved in the regulation of sex hormone levels and in the preservation of the blood–testis barrier integrity; on the other hand, a dysbiotic GM is linked to the onset of pro-inflammatory conditions such as endometriosis or PCOS, which are often associated with infertility. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is one of the main causes of GM dysbiosis, with important consequences to the host health and potential transgenerational effects. This perspective article aims to show that the negative effects of EDCs on reproduction are in part due to a dysbiotic GM. We will highlight (i) the link between GM and male and female fertility; (ii) the mechanisms of interaction between EDCs and GM; and (iii) the importance of the maternal–fetal GM axis for offspring growth and development.
Keywords: endocrine disruptors; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; reproduction; infertility endocrine disruptors; gut microbiota; dysbiosis; reproduction; infertility

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fabozzi, G.; Rebuzzini, P.; Cimadomo, D.; Allori, M.; Franzago, M.; Stuppia, L.; Garagna, S.; Ubaldi, F.M.; Zuccotti, M.; Rienzi, L. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Gut Microbiota, and Human (In)Fertility—It Is Time to Consider the Triad. Cells 2022, 11, 3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11213335

AMA Style

Fabozzi G, Rebuzzini P, Cimadomo D, Allori M, Franzago M, Stuppia L, Garagna S, Ubaldi FM, Zuccotti M, Rienzi L. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Gut Microbiota, and Human (In)Fertility—It Is Time to Consider the Triad. Cells. 2022; 11(21):3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11213335

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabozzi, Gemma, Paola Rebuzzini, Danilo Cimadomo, Mariachiara Allori, Marica Franzago, Liborio Stuppia, Silvia Garagna, Filippo Maria Ubaldi, Maurizio Zuccotti, and Laura Rienzi. 2022. "Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Gut Microbiota, and Human (In)Fertility—It Is Time to Consider the Triad" Cells 11, no. 21: 3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11213335

APA Style

Fabozzi, G., Rebuzzini, P., Cimadomo, D., Allori, M., Franzago, M., Stuppia, L., Garagna, S., Ubaldi, F. M., Zuccotti, M., & Rienzi, L. (2022). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Gut Microbiota, and Human (In)Fertility—It Is Time to Consider the Triad. Cells, 11(21), 3335. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11213335

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