Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiome, Metabolomics, Hormones, and Stress in Mental Health Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. The Gut
3.1. The Gut Microbiome
3.1.1. Impact of External Stressors on the Microbiome
3.1.2. Our Microbiome—More than Just Bacteria
3.1.3. Quorum Sensing and the Microbiome
3.2. The Intestinal Barrier, Blood Brain Barrier, and Barrier Permeability
3.3. Lessons from Germ-Free Mice
3.4. The Vagus Nerve
3.4.1. Role of the Vagus Nerve and Depression in Other Chronic Illnesses
3.4.2. Role of the Vagus Nerve in Animal Models of Anxiety- and Depression-like Behaviors
4. Mood Disorders, Anxiety and Depression—The Role of Microbiota on Pathophysiology and Symptoms
4.1. Mood Disorders Overview
4.2. Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder—Pathophysiology and Microbiota
4.3. Depression—Symptoms and Microbiota
4.4. GI and Non-GI Symptoms in Anxiety and Depression and Microbiota
5. Sex Differences in Mental Health: An Understudied Area
5.1. Role of Steroid Hormones in Mental Health
5.2. Post-Partum Depression, Pregnancy and the Role of Gonadal Steroid Hormones on Microbiota
6. Treatment of Mood Disorders
6.1. Current Therapy and the Need for Newer
6.2. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Use and the Effect on Microbiome
6.3. The Placebo Effect
6.4. The World of Prebiotics, Probiotics, Postbiotics and Synbiotics
6.5. Human Studies—Pro, Pre, and Postbiotics
Treatment Type | Example | Effects |
---|---|---|
Probiotics | Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium | Decreased anxiety and enhanced overall mood [198], improved cognitive functions [199], increased sleep [200] |
Prebiotics | Fructooligosaccharides, Maltooligosaccharides, Lactosaccharose, Cyclodextrins, Lactulose, Galactooligosaccharide | Mixed results; Ghorbani et al. demonstrated low HDRS * scores [201], Vaghef et al. study showed no benefit [203], |
Postbiotics | Cell free supernatant, enzymes, SCFA, vitamins, phenols, exopolysaccharides, bacterial lysates, cellular wall fragments | Decreased cortisol levels [204], mitigated stress induced decline of Bifidobacterium [205] immunomodulator [179], antitumor/antioxidative effects [182] |
Synbiotics | Lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium plus fructooligosaccharide or psyllium or inulin | Immunomodulation, maintenance of gut microbiota [201] |
Microbiota Therapeutics | Fecal matter transplants, synbiotic microbial consortia, engineered symbiotic microbes | Ameliorates gastrointestinal symptoms, better sleep [207] |
6.6. Fecal Matter Transplants (FMT)
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wang Criteria |
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Resistance to digestion in the upper sections of the alimentary tract |
Fermentation by intestinal microbiota |
Beneficial effect on host’s health |
Selective stimulation of growth of probiotics |
Stability in various food/feed processing conditions |
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Verma, A.; Inslicht, S.S.; Bhargava, A. Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiome, Metabolomics, Hormones, and Stress in Mental Health Disorders. Cells 2024, 13, 1436. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171436
Verma A, Inslicht SS, Bhargava A. Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiome, Metabolomics, Hormones, and Stress in Mental Health Disorders. Cells. 2024; 13(17):1436. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171436
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerma, Ankita, Sabra S. Inslicht, and Aditi Bhargava. 2024. "Gut-Brain Axis: Role of Microbiome, Metabolomics, Hormones, and Stress in Mental Health Disorders" Cells 13, no. 17: 1436. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171436