Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Colorectal Cancer Immunity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Limits of Human Tolerance to Microbiota
3. Factors Influencing the Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Immunity
4. Molecular Mechanisms Encoded by Host and Microbial Genes in Gut Microbiome–Immune System Interactions
5. Microbiome and Colorectal Cancer Immunity
6. The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Immunotherapy Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Influence on Gut Microbiome | Impact on Immunity | Key Points | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Microbial Diversity | High diversity linked with robust immune health | Enhances immune responses, modulates immune cells | Promote SCFA production, crucial for immune regulation and barrier integrity | [17,18,19,20,21,22] |
Dietary Influences | Fiber-rich, polyphenol-rich diets support a healthy microbiome; high-fat, high-sugar diets disrupt balance | Fiber and polyphenols enhance anti-inflammatory responses; fats and sugars may increase inflammation | Diet affects microbiome composition, influencing systemic inflammation and immune response | [32,33] |
Antibiotics and Medications | Reduce microbial diversity, impact on metabolic functions | Can trigger inflammatory responses or disrupt immune homeostasis | Long-term use of antibiotics linked to negative impacts on microbiome diversity and immune function | [34,35] |
Host Genetics | Host genetic factors can determine microbiome composition and diversity | Host genetic factors can affect immune responses mediated by the microbiome | Some genetic markers, such as those for lactase production, correlate with microbiome composition | [36,37,38,39] |
Pro-Immunotherapy | Anti-Immunotherapy |
---|---|
Microbes | |
-Faecalibacterium prausnitzii [104] | -Fusobacterium nucleatum [103,113] |
-Lachnospiraceae family [108] | -Escherichia coli [103] |
-Lactobacillus gallinarum [84] | -Prevotella [103] |
-Coprobacillus cateniformis [84] | -Bacteroides spp. [104,117] |
-Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum [84] | -Bacillus class [107] |
-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron [111] | -Clostridiaceae [116] |
-Bacteroides fragilis [111] | -Proteobacteria [110] |
-Bacteroides cellulosilyticus [111] | -Lactobacillus murinus [111] |
-Bifidobacterium pseudolongum [112] | -Lactobacillales order [107] |
-Lactobacillus johnsonii [112] | |
-Olsenella species [112] | |
-Blautia genus [112] | |
-Parabacteroides distasonis [106] | |
-Alistipes genus [107] | |
-Eubacterium rectale [118] | |
-Roseburia spp. [118] | |
-Methanobrevibacter [118] | |
-Akkermansia muciniphila [119] | |
-Ruminococcus lactaris [119] | |
-Schizosaccharomyces octosporus [114] | |
-Agathobacter [115] | |
Metabolites | |
-Indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) [84] | -Pyrrolidine [107] |
-Inosine [112] | |
-Pentanoate [97] | |
-Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) [98,99,108,118] | |
-Punicic acid [111] | |
-Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) [100] | |
Molecular and Cell Mechanisms | |
-Upregulation of CD80/CD86 on dendritic cells [104] | -Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway [103] |
-Increased ICOS gene expression in T cells [104] | -Upregulation of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α [103] |
-Accumulation of tumor-specific T cells and memory T cells [105] | -Downregulation of miRNA18a via TLR-4/MYD88 pathway [103] |
-High clonality and low diversity in TCR repertoires [103] | -Decreased Th1 cells and T-bet+ CD8 T cells [117] |
-Downregulation of PD-L2 expression on dendritic cells [84] | |
-Increased systemic CD8α+ dendritic cells and IL-12 levels [101] | |
-Enhanced Th1 differentiation and anti-tumor immunity via A2A receptor signaling pathway on T cells [117] | |
-Enhanced metabolism and memory potential of CD8+ T cells [98] | |
-Increased activity of mTOR pathway [97] | |
-Enhanced systemic CD8α+ dendritic cells and IL-12 levels through vancomycin-induced gut microbiome alterations [101] | |
-Increased CD3+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) density [108] | |
-Positive modulation by Schizosaccharomyces octosporus of inhibitory receptors PD-1 and CTLA-4 [114] |
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Shakhpazyan, N.K.; Mikhaleva, L.M.; Bedzhanyan, A.L.; Gioeva, Z.V.; Mikhalev, A.I.; Midiber, K.Y.; Pechnikova, V.V.; Biryukov, A.E. Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Colorectal Cancer Immunity. Cells 2024, 13, 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171437
Shakhpazyan NK, Mikhaleva LM, Bedzhanyan AL, Gioeva ZV, Mikhalev AI, Midiber KY, Pechnikova VV, Biryukov AE. Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Colorectal Cancer Immunity. Cells. 2024; 13(17):1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171437
Chicago/Turabian StyleShakhpazyan, Nikolay K., Liudmila M. Mikhaleva, Arkady L. Bedzhanyan, Zarina V. Gioeva, Alexander I. Mikhalev, Konstantin Y. Midiber, Valentina V. Pechnikova, and Andrey E. Biryukov. 2024. "Exploring the Role of the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Colorectal Cancer Immunity" Cells 13, no. 17: 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13171437