Is Contact Nucleation Caused by Pressure Perturbation?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Proposed Mechanisms for Contact Nucleation
2.1. Local Cooling
2.2. Etching
2.3. Ice Embryo Formed Before Contact
2.4. Transient Energy Zone During Wetting
2.5. Line Tension
2.6. Pressure Perturbation
3. Estimation of the Pressure Perturbation Responsible for Contact Nucleation
3.1. Approach
3.2. Data
3.3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions and Suggestions
- It is important to measure the corresponding immersion nucleation temperature for each contact nucleation event. This will provide the actual immersion freezing temperature for each contact nucleation event, based on direct measurements rather than indirect estimations using the parameterization equations. It can be accomplished by melting ice after contact freezing and then slightly decreasing temperature until immersion nucleation occurs. A superhydrophobic substrate might be used to avoid substrate freezing in cold stage experiments.
- It will be useful to perform contact nucleation experiments for a broader range of temperatures, such that the contact nucleation efficiency varies from to . This will extend our understanding of the behavior of contact nucleation and also benefit parameterizations of contact nucleation in cloud-resolving models.
- It will be a major breakthrough if pressure perturbation can be precisely measured or controlled. Experiments such as that in Bird et al. [64], in which the neck region arising from the coalescence of two droplets was well controlled and quantified, might be useful for investigating the effect of negative Laplace pressures on ice nucleation.
- Numerical simulation might be another useful tool with which to investigate the pressure perturbation hypothesis. If indeed pressure perturbation is a valid mechanism for inducing freezing, then it may be possible to have freezing just through droplet-droplet collisions or droplet breakup. A multi-phase fluid model has been applied to simulate the development of pressure perturbation in the neck region for two collided droplets [65]. The next step is to find a way to realistically simulate the collision process, instead of setting up the neck region initially as in Bartlett et al. [65].
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yang, F.; Cantrell, W.H.; Kostinski, A.B.; Shaw, R.A.; Vogelmann, A.M. Is Contact Nucleation Caused by Pressure Perturbation? Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010001
Yang F, Cantrell WH, Kostinski AB, Shaw RA, Vogelmann AM. Is Contact Nucleation Caused by Pressure Perturbation? Atmosphere. 2020; 11(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Fan, Will H. Cantrell, Alexander B. Kostinski, Raymond A. Shaw, and Andrew M. Vogelmann. 2020. "Is Contact Nucleation Caused by Pressure Perturbation?" Atmosphere 11, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010001