Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Indoor Combustion-Generated Aerosols in Jordanian Urban Homes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Inhaled Deposited Dose Rate of Indoor Combustion-Generated Aerosols
2.2. Indoor Aerosol Concentrations and Size Distributions in Jordanian Urban Homes
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overview of Indoor Exposure to Combustion-Generated Aerosols in Jordanian Urban Homes
3.1.1. Indoor Aerosol Concentrations during Background Periods
3.1.2. Indoor Activity Categories for Inhaled Deposited Dose Analysis
- TYPE I: Non-combustion cooking activities (i.e., microwave, water heater jug).
- TYPE II: Intensive cooking activities by combustion (i.e., natural gas stove) combined with non-combustion heating (central or AC).
- TYPE III: Cooking activities by combustion (i.e., natural gas stove) combined with combustion heating (kerosene or natural gas).
- TYPE IV: Cooking activities by combustion (i.e., natural gas stove) combined with combustion heating (kerosene or natural gas) and smoking (shisha and/or tobacco).
3.2. Inhaled Deposited Dose Scenarios
- Housework activities: effort equivalent to yardwork.
- Moving activities: effort corresponding to running at 8 km/h and walking at 4 km/h.
- Resting activities: standing and sitting.
3.2.1. Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rates for Background Condition Scenarios
3.2.2. Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rates for TYPE I Scenarios
3.2.3. Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rates for Combustion Scenarios (TYPEs II, II, IV)
3.3. Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose Rates Based on Median Particle Number Size Distributions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Home ID | PN (cm−3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 25% | Median | 75% | |
A1 | 4000 ± 300 | 3800 | 4000 | 4200 |
A2 | 6500 ± 900 | 5700 | 6400 | 7100 |
D1 | 12,800 ± 1300 | 12,000 | 12,400 | 13,400 |
H1 | 10,100 ± 1400 | 9100 | 9600 | 11,300 |
H2 | 9600 ± 2300 | 7600 | 9000 | 11,800 |
GFA1 | 7900 ± 2900 | 4800 | 8200 | 10,800 |
GFA2 | 15,800 ± 5800 | 10,000 | 19,400 | 20,800 |
GFA3 | 10,000 ± 3800 | 6800 | 7500 | 14,100 |
Home ID | PM2.5 (µg/m3) | PM10 (µg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 25% | Median | 75% | Mean ± SD | 25% | Median | 75% | |
A1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.6 |
A2 | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 16.7 ± 1.5 | 15.5 | 16.6 | 17.9 |
D1 | 12.8 ± 0.7 | 12.3 | 12.8 | 13.4 | 14.8 ± 1.2 | 13.9 | 14.8 | 15.6 |
H1 | 15.0 ± 2.6 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 17.8 | 41.5 ± 6.7 | 36.1 | 39.7 | 47.1 |
H2 | 21.7 ± 21.2 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 46.7 | 82.4 ± 90.8 | 7.6 | 9.7 | 190.5 |
GFA1 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 12.0 ± 1.6 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 13.6 |
GFA2 | 19.6 ± 4.4 | 15.5 | 21.3 | 22.9 | 28.2 ± 8.0 | 20.5 | 31.4 | 34.9 |
GFA3 | 8.5 ± 3.5 | 5.3 | 7.1 | 12.2 | 17.1 ± 7.8 | 8.9 | 18.3 | 24.4 |
Mean | SD | 25% | Median | 75% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PN1 (cm−3) | Background | 9900 | 4900 | 6700 | 8800 | 12,900 |
TYPE I | 16,400 | 17,100 | 7900 | 1,2000 | 16,600 | |
TYPE II | 144,500 | 97,500 | 71,700 | 112,200 | 192,700 | |
TYPE III | 289,200 | 189,800 | 151,700 | 281,700 | 390,600 | |
TYPE IV | 371,300 | 232,300 | 184,600 | 318,700 | 532,700 | |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | Background | 13.3 | 14.8 | 5.4 | 7.9 | 14.1 |
TYPE I | 16.0 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 12.9 | 20.0 | |
TYPE II | 120.5 | 66.6 | 72.5 | 100.0 | 148.5 | |
TYPE III | 169.9 | 134.5 | 80.5 | 139.0 | 220.8 | |
TYPE IV | 267.2 | 237.6 | 94.4 | 174.5 | 409.8 | |
PM10 (µg/m3) | Background | 32.8 | 53.3 | 8.0 | 12.9 | 26.8 |
TYPE I | 81.7 | 52.8 | 43.8 | 68.4 | 116.4 | |
TYPE II | 259.5 | 123.6 | 171.2 | 246.7 | 320.3 | |
TYPE III | 650.6 | 714.5 | 203.2 | 400.8 | 758.5 | |
TYPE IV | 697.7 | 596.5 | 207.7 | 575.0 | 1011.7 |
Scenario | Adult Male | Adult Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | TB | Alv | Total | Head | TB | Alv | Total | ||
PN1 (×106 #/h) | Yardwork | 700 | 1700 | 7300 | 9700 | 500 | 1200 | 4400 | 6000 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 1500 | 3400 | 14,500 | 19,400 | 1300 | 3200 | 12,300 | 16,800 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 600 | 1400 | 5800 | 7700 | 500 | 1300 | 4900 | 6700 | |
Standing | 500 | 800 | 2200 | 3500 | 400 | 700 | 1400 | 2600 | |
Sitting | 400 | 700 | 1800 | 2900 | 400 | 700 | 1200 | 2300 | |
PM2.5(µg/h) | Yardwork | 0.5 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 3.7 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 0.9 | 2.0 | 9.0 | 11.9 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 7.7 | 10.3 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 0.4 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 4.1 | |
Standing | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 2.2 | |
Sitting | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.9 | |
PM10 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 11.8 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 34.0 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 21.1 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 23.5 | 22.0 | 22.4 | 68.0 | 21.2 | 18.5 | 19.5 | 59.2 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 27.0 | 8.4 | 7.3 | 7.7 | 23.4 | |
Standing | 10.0 | 1.3 | 3.3 | 14.6 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 10.3 | |
Sitting | 8.2 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 12.0 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 9.0 |
Scenario | Adult Male | Adult Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | TB | Alv | Total | Head | TB | Alv | Total | ||
PN1 (×106 #/h) | Yardwork | 1200 | 2700 | 11,700 | 15,600 | 700 | 1800 | 7000 | 9600 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 2400 | 5400 | 23,300 | 31,100 | 2000 | 5100 | 19,700 | 26,900 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 900 | 2200 | 9200 | 12,300 | 800 | 2000 | 7800 | 10,600 | |
Standing | 800 | 1300 | 3500 | 5600 | 700 | 1200 | 2300 | 4100 | |
Sitting | 700 | 1100 | 2900 | 4600 | 600 | 1000 | 2000 | 3600 | |
PM2.5 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 0.6 | 1.4 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 3.9 | 5.2 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 1.3 | 2.9 | 12.7 | 16.9 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 10.9 | 14.6 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 0.5 | 1.1 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 5.8 | |
Standing | 1.6 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 4.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 3.0 | |
Sitting | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.6 | |
PM10 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 43.5 | 36.5 | 25.1 | 105.0 | 27.9 | 21.7 | 15.6 | 65.2 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 86.9 | 73.0 | 50.1 | 210.0 | 78.1 | 60.9 | 43.8 | 182.8 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 34.5 | 29.0 | 19.9 | 83.3 | 30.9 | 24.1 | 17.3 | 72.4 | |
Standing | 32.1 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 42.9 | 22.9 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 30.4 | |
Sitting | 26.3 | 2.9 | 5.9 | 35.1 | 20.0 | 2.4 | 4.2 | 26.6 |
Scenario | Adult Male | Adult Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | TB | Alv | Total | Head | TB | Alv | Total | ||
PN1 (×106 #/h) | Yardwork | 9600 | 21,900 | 95,900 | 127,500 | 5900 | 14,600 | 57,500 | 78,000 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 19,300 | 43,900 | 191,800 | 255,000 | 16,400 | 41,100 | 161,400 | 218,900 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 7600 | 17,400 | 76,100 | 101,100 | 6500 | 16,300 | 63,900 | 86,700 | |
Standing | 6500 | 10,500 | 29,400 | 46,400 | 5200 | 9500 | 19,100 | 33,800 | |
Sitting | 5300 | 8600 | 24,100 | 38,000 | 4600 | 8300 | 16,700 | 29,600 | |
PM2.5 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 4.8 | 10.6 | 48.1 | 63.5 | 2.9 | 6.8 | 29.0 | 38.7 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 9.5 | 21.1 | 96.2 | 126.9 | 8.2 | 19.0 | 81.5 | 108.7 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 3.8 | 8.4 | 38.2 | 50.3 | 3.3 | 7.5 | 32.3 | 43.0 | |
Standing | 9.3 | 4.1 | 16.5 | 30.0 | 6.6 | 3.7 | 10.5 | 20.8 | |
Sitting | 7.6 | 3.4 | 13.5 | 24.5 | 5.8 | 3.2 | 9.2 | 18.2 | |
PM10 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 89.3 | 83.0 | 92.5 | 264.8 | 57.2 | 49.7 | 56.9 | 163.8 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 178.7 | 166.0 | 185.0 | 529.7 | 160.5 | 139.5 | 159.6 | 459.6 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 70.9 | 65.8 | 73.4 | 210.0 | 63.6 | 55.3 | 63.2 | 182.0 | |
Standing | 72.6 | 10.7 | 28.1 | 111.4 | 51.7 | 8.6 | 18.4 | 78.6 | |
Sitting | 59.4 | 8.7 | 23.0 | 91.2 | 45.3 | 7.5 | 16.1 | 68.8 |
Scenario | Adult Male | Adult Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | TB | Alv | Total | Head | TB | Alv | Total | ||
PN1 (×106 #/h) | Yardwork | 24,300 | 57,200 | 237,200 | 318,700 | 15,100 | 38,900 | 144,500 | 198,600 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 48,700 | 114,300 | 474,500 | 637,500 | 42,500 | 109,200 | 405,400 | 557,100 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 19,300 | 45,300 | 188,200 | 252,800 | 16,800 | 43,200 | 160,600 | 220,600 | |
Standing | 17,100 | 28,000 | 70,000 | 115,000 | 13,800 | 25,000 | 45,500 | 84,300 | |
Sitting | 14,000 | 22,900 | 57,200 | 94,100 | 12,100 | 21,800 | 39,800 | 73,700 | |
PM2.5 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 6.9 | 15.2 | 68.5 | 90.6 | 4.2 | 9.7 | 41.4 | 55.4 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 13.8 | 30.5 | 137.0 | 181.3 | 11.9 | 27.3 | 116.2 | 155.4 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 5.5 | 12.1 | 54.3 | 71.9 | 4.7 | 10.8 | 46.0 | 61.5 | |
Standing | 13.8 | 5.9 | 23.5 | 43.2 | 9.8 | 5.2 | 14.9 | 29.9 | |
Sitting | 11.3 | 4.8 | 19.2 | 35.3 | 8.6 | 4.5 | 13.0 | 26.1 | |
PM10 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 304.8 | 267.3 | 217.7 | 789.8 | 195.4 | 159.3 | 135.0 | 489.6 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 609.6 | 534.6 | 435.3 | 1579.5 | 548.2 | 446.8 | 378.7 | 1373.7 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 241.7 | 212.0 | 172.6 | 626.4 | 217.1 | 177.0 | 150.0 | 544.0 | |
Standing | 233.9 | 28.5 | 62.6 | 325.0 | 166.7 | 22.1 | 41.5 | 230.2 | |
Sitting | 191.4 | 23.3 | 51.2 | 265.9 | 145.8 | 19.3 | 36.3 | 201.5 |
Scenario | Adult Male | Adult Female | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Head | TB | Alv | Total | Head | TB | Alv | Total | ||
PN1 (×106 #/h) | Yardwork | 34,300 | 81,600 | 332,400 | 448,300 | 21,500 | 55,900 | 203,600 | 281,100 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 68,700 | 163,100 | 664,900 | 896,700 | 60,400 | 156,900 | 571,200 | 788,600 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 27,200 | 64,700 | 263,700 | 355,600 | 23,900 | 62,100 | 226,200 | 312,300 | |
Standing | 24,500 | 40,200 | 96,600 | 161,300 | 19,800 | 35,700 | 62,800 | 118,400 | |
Sitting | 20,100 | 32,900 | 79,100 | 132,000 | 17,400 | 31,300 | 55,000 | 103,600 | |
PM2.5 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 8.0 | 17.6 | 82.4 | 108.0 | 4.9 | 11.3 | 50.1 | 66.3 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 15.9 | 35.2 | 164.9 | 216.0 | 13.8 | 31.7 | 140.5 | 185.9 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 6.3 | 13.9 | 65.4 | 85.6 | 5.4 | 12.6 | 55.6 | 73.6 | |
Standing | 16.9 | 7.2 | 29.4 | 53.5 | 11.8 | 6.3 | 18.5 | 36.6 | |
Sitting | 13.8 | 5.9 | 24.1 | 43.8 | 10.4 | 5.5 | 16.2 | 32.0 | |
PM10 (µg/h) | Yardwork | 282.0 | 245.5 | 210.3 | 737.8 | 180.7 | 146.5 | 130.3 | 457.4 |
Running 8.0 km/h | 564.0 | 491.1 | 420.6 | 1475.7 | 507.0 | 410.9 | 365.5 | 1283.4 | |
Walking 4.0 km/h | 223.7 | 194.7 | 166.8 | 585.2 | 200.8 | 162.7 | 144.8 | 508.3 | |
Standing | 215.6 | 27.4 | 63.1 | 306.1 | 153.6 | 21.4 | 41.5 | 216.4 | |
Sitting | 176.4 | 22.4 | 51.6 | 250.5 | 134.4 | 18.7 | 36.3 | 189.4 |
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Hussein, T.; Boor, B.E.; Löndahl, J. Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Indoor Combustion-Generated Aerosols in Jordanian Urban Homes. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111150
Hussein T, Boor BE, Löndahl J. Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Indoor Combustion-Generated Aerosols in Jordanian Urban Homes. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(11):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111150
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussein, Tareq, Brandon E. Boor, and Jakob Löndahl. 2020. "Regional Inhaled Deposited Dose of Indoor Combustion-Generated Aerosols in Jordanian Urban Homes" Atmosphere 11, no. 11: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111150