Aircraft Emission Inventory and Characteristics of the Airport Cluster in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Meteorological Data
2.2.2. Flight Information and Aircraft Data
2.2.3. Engine Emission Indices
2.3. Aircraft Emission Inventory Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Calculated Emission Inventory and the Meteorological Impact
3.2. Air pollutant Species and Individual Airport Emissions
3.3. Contribution to Emissions from Different LTO Phases
3.4. Contribution to Emissions from Different Aircraft Types
3.5. Study Limitations
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Airport | Temperature (°C) | Pressure (hPa) | Relative Humidity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Average | Range | Average | Range | Average | |
ZGGG | 4.4–38.9 | 23.4 | 992.9–1031.2 | 1013.1 | 11.9–100 | 70.9 |
VHHH | 8.9–37.2 | 24.8 | 984.1–1030.1 | 1012.6 | 13.4–100 | 70.6 |
ZGSZ | 7.2–37.8 | 23.9 | 989.8–1030.1 | 1013.0 | 16.5–100 | 74.3 |
ZGSD | 7.8–37.2 | 23.6 | 972.9–1030.1 | 1012.5 | 29.5–100 | 81.4 |
VMMC | 7.8–37.2 | 23.6 | 972.9–1030.1 | 1012.5 | 29.5–100 | 81.4 |
Summary | 4.4–38.9 | 23.9 | 972.9–1031.2 | 1012.7 | 11.0–100 | 75.9 |
ID | Aircraft Type | Engine Model | Engine Number | Flights | Percentages (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A320 | V2500-A1 | 2 | 334,920 | 24.6 |
2 | B738 | CFM56-7B26 | 2 | 334,202 | 24.6 |
3 | A321 | CFM56-5B2 | 2 | 162,177 | 11.9 |
4 | A333 | CF6-80E1A2 | 2 | 126,390 | 9.3 |
5 | B77W | GE90-115B | 2 | 59,748 | 4.4 |
6 | A319 | V2522-A5 | 2 | 45,603 | 3.4 |
7 | A332 | Trent 772 | 2 | 37,180 | 2.7 |
8 | B744 | CF6-80C2B1F | 4 | 28,029 | 2.1 |
9 | B737 | JT8D-17A | 2 | 25,981 | 1.9 |
10 | E190 | CF34-10E6 | 2 | 17,680 | 1.3 |
11 | B77L | GE90-110B1 | 2 | 17,488 | 1.3 |
12 | B788 | Trent 1000-A | 2 | 15,557 | 1.1 |
13 | B763 | PW4060 | 2 | 13,939 | 1.0 |
14 | B733 | CFM56-3-B1 | 2 | 13,877 | 1.0 |
15 | A359 | Trent XWB-84 | 2 | 13,637 | 1.0 |
16 | B748 | GEnx-2B67B | 4 | 13,359 | 1.0 |
17 | others | - | - | 100,107 | 7.4 |
Total | 1,359,875 | 100.0 |
Airports | LTO Number | NOx | CO | HC | SO2 | PM | Total | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISA | Actual | ISA | Actual | ISA | Actual | - | - | ISA | Actual | ||
ZGGG | 232,648 | 4301.2 | 3605.7 | 2745.4 | 3040.6 | 305.7 | 338.5 | 227.2 | 28.8 | 7608.3 | 7240.8 |
VHHH | 210,500 | 7235.3 | 5927.9 | 4568.1 | 5092.1 | 505.1 | 562.8 | 336.9 | 42.4 | 12,687.8 | 11,962.1 |
ZGSZ | 170,193 | 2716.5 | 2214.6 | 1682.5 | 1874.9 | 174.3 | 194.0 | 146.8 | 18.2 | 4738.3 | 4448.5 |
ZGSD | 37,347 | 469.0 | 375.0 | 243.2 | 270.3 | 24.9 | 27.7 | 25.4 | 3.3 | 765.8 | 701.6 |
VMMC | 29,250 | 425.5 | 341.1 | 319.3 | 354.1 | 27.4 | 30.4 | 23.6 | 3.0 | 798.8 | 752.2 |
Total | 679,938 | 15147.5 | 12,464.3 | 9558.5 | 10,632.0 | 1037.4 | 1153.4 | 759.9 | 95.6 | 26,599.0 | 25,105.2 |
Airport | Year | LTO Cycle | NOx 2 | CO | HC | SO2 2 | PM 2 | Total | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 2011 | - | 16.3 | 9.1 | 2.7 | 1.4 | - | 29.5 | [42] |
China | 2011 | 2,989,832 | 15.1 | 9.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | - | 26.6 | [52] |
YRD* | 2017 | 834,134 | 19.7 | 9.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 32.1 | [35] |
GBA | 2017 | 679,937 | 18.3 | 15.6 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 36.9 | This study |
ZGGG | 2012 | 186,657 | 14.6–15.7 | 7.9–9.0 | 0.9–1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.1 | - | [39,52] |
ZGGG | 2017 | 232,648 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 31.1 | This study |
VHHH | 2017 | 210,500 | 28.2 | 24.2 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 56.8 | This study |
ZGSZ | 2017 | 170,193 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 26.1 | This study |
ZGSD | 2017 | 37,347 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 18.8 | This study |
VMMC | 2017 | 29,250 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 25.7 | This study |
ZBAA 1 | 2015 | 295,100 | 14.7–25.6 | 9.1–12.8 | 1.0–1.2 | 1.1–1.6 | 0.1–0.5 | - | [9,14,36,52,53] |
LTBA 1 | 2001 | 160,901 | 7.8 | 12.9 | 2.3 | 0.4 | - | - | [16] |
KATL 1 | 2000 | 423,423 | 11.6 | 12.3 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 27.3 | [15] |
RKSI 1 | 2010 | 214,835 | 17.0 | 8.1 | - | 1.3 | 0.1 | 26.5 | [18] |
Phase | NOx | CO | HC | SO2 | PM | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Approach | 1475.2 | 618.6 | 82.1 | 121.2 | 14.0 | 2310.9 |
Taxiing | 1654.4 | 9825.8 | 1032.5 | 324.9 | 33.9 | 12,871.4 |
Take-off | 3195.9 | 39.6 | 10.6 | 88.2 | 14.9 | 3349.0 |
Climb-out | 6138.9 | 148.1 | 28.3 | 225.7 | 32.9 | 6573.9 |
Total emission | 12,464.3 | 10,632.0 | 1153.4 | 759.9 | 95.6 | 25,105.2 |
Phase | Wff (kg/s) | NOx (g/kg) | CO (g/kg) | HC (g/kg) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A320 | B77L | B77W | B744 | A320 | B77L | B77W | B744 | A320 | B77L | B77W | B744 | A320 | B77L | B77W | B744 | |
Approach | 0.334 | 1.08 | 1.113 | 0.632 | 13.45 | 15.78 | 16.50 | 8.97 | 0.77 | 2.29 | 1.98 | 2.19 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.2 |
Taxiing | 0.124 | 0.37 | 0.380 | 0.205 | 5.910 | 5.11 | 5.19 | 3.74 | 7.76 | 40.59 | 39.11 | 43.71 | 0.22 | 4.55 | 4.24 | 9.68 |
Take-off | 1.113 | 4.32 | 4.690 | 2.353 | 37.13 | 44.44 | 50.34 | 28.06 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.52 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Climb-out | 0.924 | 3.47 | 3.670 | 1.913 | 30.82 | 33.85 | 35.98 | 21.34 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.52 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
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Li, J.; Yang, H.; Liu, X.; Yu, N.; Tian, Y.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, P.; Wang, K. Aircraft Emission Inventory and Characteristics of the Airport Cluster in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040323
Li J, Yang H, Liu X, Yu N, Tian Y, Zhou X, Zhang P, Wang K. Aircraft Emission Inventory and Characteristics of the Airport Cluster in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(4):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040323
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jie, Haotian Yang, Xingang Liu, Nu Yu, Yong Tian, Xiaoning Zhou, Peng Zhang, and Kai Wang. 2020. "Aircraft Emission Inventory and Characteristics of the Airport Cluster in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China" Atmosphere 11, no. 4: 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040323