Criteria-Based Identification of Important Fuels for Wildland Fire Emission Research
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Terminology and Scope
1.2. Background of Fuels Classification
1.3. Importance of Fuels Prioritization for Emissions Research
2. Developing Criteria for Fuels Prioritization
2.1. Splitting Versus Lumping: Two Possible Approaches
2.2. Total Emissions
2.3. Impacts
2.4. Availability and Uncertainty
2.5. Potential for Future Importance
3. Applying the Criteria
3.1. Magnitude of Carbon Emissions
3.2. Impacts of Fire Emissions: Economic and Regional Air Quality and Public Health
3.3. Availability/Uncertainty
3.4. Future Potential
3.5. Results of Joint Application of the Criteria
4. Discussion
Refining the Criteria for Future Use
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fuel Type (Biome, Community, Source) | Location | Emissions 1 | References |
---|---|---|---|
Tropical Forest | S. America, Africa | 4670 Tg yr−1 CO2 | [52,58,106] |
Savanna/Grasslands | Sub-Saharan/Southern Africa | 3980 Tg yr−1 CO2 | [52,58,82,83] |
Boreal Forest | Russia, Canada, Alaska USA | 690 Tg yr−1 CO2 | [34,52,82,100,105] |
Temperate evergreen forests | NW USA/SW Canada | 470 Tg yr−1 CO2 | [52,58,100] |
Peatlands | Russia; N. Europe, N. America, SE Asia | 270 Tg yr−1 CO2 | [52,55,58,105] |
Fuel Type (Biome, Community, Source) | Location/Region of Impact | References |
---|---|---|
Tropical Forest | S. America, Africa | [20,52,58,106] |
Savanna/grasslands | Sub-Saharan/Southern Africa | [20,52,58,83] |
Peatlands | Russia; N. Europe, N. America, SE Asia | [52,55,58,105,108,112,113,114] |
Temperate evergreen forests | NW USA/SW Canada | [52,58,100,109] |
Mediterranean and N. American Chaparral | Mediterranean Europe; California USA | [59,60,63,110] |
Eucalypt Forest | Australia; Portugal | [110,111] |
Fuel Type (Biome, Community, Source) | Location | Characterization Type | References |
---|---|---|---|
Boreal and tropical peat | Russia; N. Europe, N. America, SE Asia | Laboratory (Emissions); Field (Ecological) | [55,104,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145] |
Mixed-conifer | Northwestern USA; Southern Rocky Mountains/Wasatch USA | Laboratory (Chemical); Field (Physical, Ecological) | [13,30,119] |
Commercial Irish Peat | Ireland | Laboratory (Physical) | [146,147,148,149,150] |
Masticated fuels | Worldwide; N. America | Laboratory (Physical) | [155,156,157,158,159] |
Southeastern (“Southern Rough”) | SE USA | Laboratory (Physical, Chemical); Field (Physical, Chemical, Ecological) | [98,121,160] |
Fuel Type (Biome, Community, Source) | Location | Type of/Reason for Projected Increase | References |
---|---|---|---|
Tropical Forest | S. America, Africa | Climate-driven fire activity; Land-use changes | [170,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183] |
Boreal and tropical peat | Russia; N. Europe, N. America, SE Asia | Climate-driven fire activity; Land-use changes | [79,174,175] |
Boreal Forest | Russia, Canada, Alaska USA | Climate-driven fire activity | [33,34,79,166,167,168,169] |
Mixed-conifer | Western N. America | Climate-driven fire activity | [26,76,77,162,163] |
Eucalypt | Australia | Climate-driven fire activity | [164,165] |
Biome | Location | Criteria | References |
---|---|---|---|
Boreal Forest | Russia, Canada, Alaska USA | Emissions; Impact; Availability; Potential | [28,33,34,52,79,100,102,104,105,166,167,168,169] |
Peatlands (Boreal) | Russia; N. Europe | Emissions; Impact; Availability; Potential | [28,52,105,138,141,143,144] |
Peatlands (tropical) | SE Asia | Emissions; Impact; Availability; Potential | [112,115,116,117,138,139,141] |
Savanna/grasslands | Sub-Saharan Southern Africa | Emissions; Impact; Availability; Potential | [20,58,82,83,106] |
Temperate evergreen forests | NW USA/ SW Canada | Emissions; Impact; Availability; Potential | [52,58,100,109] |
Tropical Forest | S. America, Africa | Emissions; Impact; Potential | [20,52,58,106,170,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183] |
Chaparral | California USA; Mediterranean Europe | Impact; Availability; Potential | [57,59,63] |
Eucalypt Forests | Australia; California USA | Impact; Potential | [52,53,54,59,110,111,164,165] |
Southeastern (“Southern Rough”) | SE USA | Availability; Potential | [16,98,119,120,121] |
Masticated Fuels | W and SE USA | Availability; Potential | [155,156,157,158,159] |
Commercial Irish peat | Ireland | Availability | [146,148,149,150,151] |
FASMEE fuels | Utah USA; SE USA | Availability | [12,13,136,137,142] |
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Watts, A.C.; Samburova, V.; Moosmüller, H. Criteria-Based Identification of Important Fuels for Wildland Fire Emission Research. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060640
Watts AC, Samburova V, Moosmüller H. Criteria-Based Identification of Important Fuels for Wildland Fire Emission Research. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(6):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060640
Chicago/Turabian StyleWatts, Adam C., Vera Samburova, and Hans Moosmüller. 2020. "Criteria-Based Identification of Important Fuels for Wildland Fire Emission Research" Atmosphere 11, no. 6: 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060640