The Role of Emission Sources and Atmospheric Sink in the Seasonal Cycle of CH4 and δ13-CH4: Analysis Based on the Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model TM5
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The TM5 Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model
2.2. CH4 and 13CH4 Flux Fields
2.2.1. Anthropogenic CH4 Flux Data
2.2.2. Natural CH4 Flux Data
2.3. Isotopic Signature
Isotopic Signatures in Spin-Up Simulations
2.4. Atmospheric CH4 and δ13C Observations
2.5. Simulation Setups
3. Results
3.1. Zonal Means near the Surface
3.1.1. Peak-to-Peak Amplitude and Shape of C Seasonal Cycle
3.1.2. Phase Ellipses
3.2. Comparison to Surface Observations
4. Discussion
4.1. Isotope Signatures
4.2. Seasonal Cycle of CH4 Emissions
4.3. Atmospheric Sinks
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EDGAR | Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research |
EFMM | Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management |
KIE | Kinetic isotopic effect |
NH | Northern Hemisphere |
NOAA/GML | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory |
INSTAAR | Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research |
ECMWF | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
LWW | Landfills and wastewater treatment |
SH | Southern Hemisphere |
ALT | Alert |
NWR | Niwot Ridge |
SPO | South Pole |
BL | Boundary Layer |
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Emission Source | Signature Value (‰) | Signature Value (‰) |
---|---|---|
(Used in This Study) | [24] | |
Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management (EFMM) | [−67.9, −54.5] 1, −66.8 2 | −62 |
Landfills and Wastewater Treatment (LWW) | −55.6 2 | −55 |
Rice (RICE) | −62.1 2 | −63 |
Coal | [−64.1, −36.1] 1, −40 2 | −35 |
Oil and Gas | [−56.6, −29.1] 1, −40 2 | −40 |
Residential | −40 2 | −38 |
Wetlands | [−74.9, −50] 3, −61.3 2 | −59 |
Fires | [−25, −12] 1, −22.2 2 | −21.8 |
Ocean | −47 2 | −59 |
Termites | −65.2 2 | −57 |
Geological | [−68, −24.3] 4, −40 2 | −40 |
Data Source | Component | Emission | Amplitude | MIN | MAX |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDGAR v4.3.2 | Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management (EFMM) | 109.5 [102.1, 115.8] | 7.50 [7.19, 7.75] | Nov | Mar |
Landfills and Wastewater Treatment (LWW) | 63.8 [59.3, 68.5] | * | * | * | |
Rice (RICE) | 35.0 [32.4, 37.6] | 2.61 [2.39, 2.74] | Jan, Dec | Mar. | |
Coal | 29.8 [21.9, 38.2] | 0.03 [0.001, 0.11] | Jul | Jan | |
Oil and Gas | 68.2 [61.3, 77.1] | 0.07 [0.01, 0.23] | Jul | Nov | |
Residential | 12.9 [12.1, 13.5] | 0.78 [0.75, 0.81] | Jul | Jan | |
Total | 319.0 [291.3, 350.8] | 10.05 [9.55, 10.41] | Nov | Mar | |
EDGAR v5.0 | Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management (EFMM) | 108.5 [102.0, 114.8] | * | * | * |
Landfills and Wastewater Treatment (LWW) | 71.4 [66.6, 76.5] | * | * | * | |
Rice | 35.1 [32.6, 37.3] | 5.51 [5.1, 5.83] | Mar | Aug | |
Coal | 29.5 [21.4, 38.2] | * | * | * | |
Oil and Gas | 67.5 [61.1, 77.4] | 0.10 [0.04, 0.25] | Sept | Jan | |
Residential | 12.5 [12.1, 12.8] | 1.65 [1.58, 1.72] | Sept | Jan | |
Total | 324.5 [297.7, 356.8] | 5.13 [4.72, 5.47] | Mar | Aug | |
LPX-Bern v1.4 | Wetland | 157.3 [150.6, 165.7] | 8.1 [6.12, 10.0] | Nov, Dec | Jul, Aug |
LPX-Bern v1.4 | Soil sink | 33.0 [32.6, 33.7] | 0.98 [0.89, 1.03] | Jul | Jan, Feb |
GFED v4.2 | Fires | 14.4 [11.3, 19.7] | 2.49 [1.07, 3.95] | Feb–Apr, Nov | Jun–Aug |
Tsuruta et al. (2017) | Ocean | 7.72 [7.52, 8.1] | 0.08 [0.06, 0.1] | Feb, Apr–Jun, Nov | Jan, Mar, Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov |
Etiope et al. (2019) | Geological | 5.0 | * | * | * |
Ito and Inatomi (2012) | Termites | 20.8 [20.8, 20.9] | * | * | * |
Station | Station Code | Country | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Inatke Height (m a. g.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alert | ALT | Nunavut, Canada | 82.4508° N | 62.5072° W | 195 | 5 |
Niwot Ridge | NWR | Colorado, USA | 40.0531° N | 105.5864° W | 3526 | 3 |
South Pole | SPO | Antarctica | 89.98° S | 24.8° W | 2821.3 | 3–11.3 |
Simulation | Anthropogenic Emission Fields | Removed Seasonal Cycle |
---|---|---|
SIM_E5 | EDGAR v5.0 | - |
SIM_E5_WETNS | EDGAR v5.0 | Wetlands |
SIM_NS | EDGAR v5.0 | All emissions |
SIM_E432 | EDGAR v4.3.2 | - |
SIM_E432_EFMMNS | EDGAR v4.3.2 | EFMM |
Species | Station Code | Observation | SIM_E5 | SIM_NS | SIM_E432 | SIM_E432_EFMMNS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (‰) | ALT | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.26 |
NWR | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.14 | |
SPO | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.14 | |
CH4 (ppb) | ALT | 50.1 | 45.2 | 62.4 | 43.2 | 42.3 |
NWR | 33.7 | 39.1 | 50.5 | 50.9 | 45.9 | |
SPO | 31.3 | 34.7 | 35.2 | 34.7 | 35.3 |
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Kangasaho, V.; Tsuruta, A.; Backman, L.; Mäkinen, P.; Houweling, S.; Segers, A.; Krol, M.; Dlugokencky, E.J.; Michel, S.; White, J.W.C.; et al. The Role of Emission Sources and Atmospheric Sink in the Seasonal Cycle of CH4 and δ13-CH4: Analysis Based on the Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model TM5. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060888
Kangasaho V, Tsuruta A, Backman L, Mäkinen P, Houweling S, Segers A, Krol M, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel S, White JWC, et al. The Role of Emission Sources and Atmospheric Sink in the Seasonal Cycle of CH4 and δ13-CH4: Analysis Based on the Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model TM5. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(6):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060888
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangasaho, Vilma, Aki Tsuruta, Leif Backman, Pyry Mäkinen, Sander Houweling, Arjo Segers, Maarten Krol, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Sylvia Michel, James W. C. White, and et al. 2022. "The Role of Emission Sources and Atmospheric Sink in the Seasonal Cycle of CH4 and δ13-CH4: Analysis Based on the Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Model TM5" Atmosphere 13, no. 6: 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060888