Associations of Human Cognitive Abilities with Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Enclosed Chamber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Environmental Conditions
2.3. Cognitive Tests
- (1)
- Reaction time (RT) tests (perception)
- (2)
- Speed perception test (perception)
- (3)
- Visual search (VS) test (attention)
- (4)
- 2-back test (short-term working memory)
- (5)
- Balloon analogue risk test (BART) (risky decision-making)
- (6)
- Stroop test (executive ability)
2.4. Experimental Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Perception
3.2. Attention
3.3. Short-Term Working Memory
3.4. Risky Decision-Making
3.5. Executive Ability
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Previous Studies
4.2. Potential Mechanism Underlying the Cognitive Performance
4.3. Exposure Limit for CO2 Concentration in Workplaces
4.4. Limitation of This Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adjust Method | Studies | CO2 Levels | Exposure Duration | Number of Subjects | Cognitive Tests | Effects of Elevated CO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Addition of pure CO2 | Satish et al. [10] | 600 vs. 1500 vs. 2500 ppm | 150 min | 22 | SMS test | Reduced performance |
Allen et al. [11] | 550 vs. 945 vs. 1400 ppm | One day (09:00–17:00) | 24 | SMS test | Reduced performance | |
Rodeheffer et al. a [12] | 600 vs. 2500 vs. 15000 ppm | 125 min | 36 | SMS test | No significant effect | |
Snow et al. [13] | 800 vs. 2700 ppm | <60 min | 31 | Stroop test; shifting attention task; continuous performance test; four-part continuous performance test. | Reduced performance of cognitive flexibility and executive function, but no significant effect on other domains. | |
Zhang et al. [6] | 500 vs. 1000 vs. 3000 ppm | 255 min | 25 | Redirection test; digit span memory test; Stroop test; grammatical reasoning test; Stroop test with feedback; Tsai–Partington test; d2 test; arithmetical calculation. | No significant effect | |
Zhang et al. [7] | 500 vs. 5000 ppm | 153 min | 10 | Addition test; Tsai–Partington test | No significant effect | |
Liu et al. [14] | 380 vs. 3000 ppm b | 180 min | 12 | Mental redirection; grammatical reasoning; digit span memory; visual learning memory; number calculation; Stroop test; visual reaction time; D2 test; Tsai–Partington test. | No significant effect | |
Bloch-Salisbury et al. [15] | 30 vs. 38 vs. 47 mmHg c | 120 min | 9 | Pattern recognition, matching-to-sample, logical reasoning, two-letter search, time estimation. | No significant effect | |
Manipulation of ventilation rate | Maddalena et al. [16] | 900 vs. 1800 ppm | 240 min | 16 | SMS test | Reduced performance |
Haverinen-Shaughnessy et al. [17] | From 0.9 to 7.1 L/s per person d | One day | 3109 | Mathematics test; reading test; science test | Reduced performance | |
Bakó-Biró et al. [18] | From 1 to 8 L/s per persond | One day | 332 | Simple reaction time; choice reaction time; color word vigilance; addition reaction time; digit span memory; digit classification; digit–symbol matching; picture memory; word recognition | Reduced performance | |
Twardella et al. [19] | 1145 vs. 2115 ppm | One day | 417 | Concentration performance; total number of characters processed; total number of error rates | Reduced performance | |
Scully et al. [20] | 600 vs. 1200 vs. 2500 vs. 5000 ppm | 240 min | 22 | SMS tests; cognition tests | No significant effect | |
Coley et al. [21] | 690 vs. 2909 ppm | 150 min | 18 | Picture presentation; simple reaction time; digit vigilance; choice reaction time; picture recognition; Bond–Lader visual analogue scales of mood and alertness | Reduced performance |
Tests | Displayed Symbols | Target Symbols | Response Buttons |
---|---|---|---|
Simple RT | ▲ a | ▲ | “J” |
Discriminative RT | ▲; ■ b; ● c | ▲ | “J” |
Choice RT | ▲; ■; ● | ▲; ■; ● | “J” (▲); “F” (■); Space bar (“●”) |
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Cao, X.; Li, P.; Zhang, J.; Pang, L. Associations of Human Cognitive Abilities with Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Enclosed Chamber. Atmosphere 2022, 13, 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060891
Cao X, Li P, Zhang J, Pang L. Associations of Human Cognitive Abilities with Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Enclosed Chamber. Atmosphere. 2022; 13(6):891. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060891
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Xiaodong, Pei Li, Jie Zhang, and Liping Pang. 2022. "Associations of Human Cognitive Abilities with Elevated Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Enclosed Chamber" Atmosphere 13, no. 6: 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060891