An Assessment of the GLE Alert++ Warning System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. GLE Alert++
Data
3. Assessment of the GLE Alert++
3.1. Availability of Real-Time Data
3.2. Assessment of the Different Levels of Alert Mode
- Watch assessment (green colour corresponds to 0–1300 watch modes in each month, yellow to 1301–1360 watch modes, and red to watch modes greater than 1361).
- Warning assessment (green colour corresponds to 0–60 warning modes in each month, yellow to 61–70 warning modes, and red to warning modes greater than 71).
- Alert assessment (green colour corresponds to 0–6 alert modes in each month, yellow to 7–9 alert modes, and red to alert modes greater than 10).
NMs Used in the Current Version of GLE Alert++ (from Table 1) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MM.YYYY | AATB | APTY | ATHN | BKSN | CALM | FSMT | INVK | IRK2 | IRK3 | IRKT | JUNG | JUNG1 | KERG |
08.2022 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
07.2022 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | |
06.2022 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
05.2022 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
04.2022 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
03.2022 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
02.2022 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 6 |
01.2022 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
12.2021 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
11.2021 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 8 |
10.2021 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | |||
09.2021 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 2 | |||
08.2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | |||
07.2021 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | |||
06.2021 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
05.2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 | ||
04.2021 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | ||
03.2021 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||
02.2021 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 6 | |
01.2021 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 1 | |
12.2020 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1 | |
11.2020 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
10.2020 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
09.2020 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
08.2020 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 0 |
07.2020 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 2 |
06.2020 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 9 |
05.2020 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 2 |
04.2020 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 4 | |
03.2020 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
02.2020 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
01.2020 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 11 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3 |
NMs Not Used in the Current Version of GLE Alert++ (from Table 2) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MM.YYYY | AATA | BRBG | CALG | DJON | DOMB | DOMC | DRBS | HRMS | JBGO | MWSN | MXCO | NANM | NRLK |
08.2022 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | |||||
07.2022 | 35 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |||||
06.2022 | 55 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | |||||
05.2022 | 3 | 11 | 4 | 2 | 22 | 0 | 4 | ||||||
04.2022 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
03.2022 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
02.2022 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
01.2022 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 3 | 0 | ||||||
12.2021 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | ||||
11.2021 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | |||
10.2021 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 62 | 4 | 0 | ||||
09.2021 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 38 | 2 | 1 | |||
08.2021 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | |||
07.2021 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
06.2021 | 11 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | ||||
05.2021 | 19 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 47 | 1 | |||
04.2021 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 37 | 2 | 8 | 7 | ||
03.2021 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | |||
02.2021 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
01.2021 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 6 | |||
12.2020 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 4 | |||
11.2020 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 14 | 2 | 7 | 2 | |||||
10.2020 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |||||
09.2020 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 2 | |||||
08.2020 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 1 | ||||||
07.2020 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 14 | 3 | |||
06.2020 | 2 | 1 | 144 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 3 | |||
05.2020 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | ||||
04.2020 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 5 | ||||
03.2020 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 11 | ||||
02.2020 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | |||
01.2020 | 15 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
3.3. Real Time Assessment Index
- Real-time Index = 100 × [61 × number of values with 1 min delay
- +60 × number of values with 2 min delay
- +59 × number of values with 3 min delay
- +…
- +2 × number of values with 60 min delay
- +1 × number of values with 61 min delay]/61 * total minutes of the month
4. Discussion and Conclusions
- The GLE Alert++ service needs timely and reliable real-time data
- GLE Alert++ uses historical NM data to validate and optimize the algorithm (access to the data, whether real-time or not, of all NM stations is therefore crucial for this study)
- A total of eight stations (BURE, ESOI, MCMU, MCRL, MGDN, MOSC, MRNY, NVBK) are constantly offline.
- Station LMKS cannot be evaluated because all required information was not available in the NMDB.
- The ATHN station was delayed until 02/2022 because of a problem with the clock of the NM registration system. The measurements were however instantly sent to NMDB with a delay timestamp, due to the clock’s delay. This problem has now been fixed.
- The DRBS NM station (currently not used by the GLE Alert++ and listed in Table 2) presents an acceptable real-time behaviour.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | NM Station | Abbr. | Geogr. Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Cut-Off Rigidity (GV) | Downtime Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alma Ata, Kazakhstan | AATB | 43.14° N 76.60° E | 3340 | 6.69 | 9% |
2 | Apatity, Russia | APTY | 67.57° N 33.40° E | 177 | 0.65 | 0% |
3 | Athens, Greece | ATHN | 37.97° N 23.78° E | 260 | 8.53 | 3% |
4 | Baksan, Russia | BKSN | 43.28° N 42.69° E | 1700 | 5.60 | 0% |
5 | Plateau de Bure, France | BURE | 44.38° N 5.54° E | 2555 | 5.00 | 100% |
6 | Castilla-La Mancha, Spain | CALM | 40.33° N 3.90° E | 708 | 6.95 | 19% |
7 | Emilio Segre, Israel | ESOI | 33.30° N 35.80° E | 2055 | 10.75 | 100% |
8 | Fort Smith, Canada | FSMT | 60.02° N 111.93° W | 180 | 0.30 | 10% |
9 | Inuvik, Canada | INVK | 68.36° N 133.72° W | 21 | 0.30 | 1% |
10 | Irkutsk 2, Russia | IRK2 | 52.37° N 100.55° E | 2000 | 3.64 | 55% |
11 | Irkutsk 3, Russia | IRK3 | 51.29° N 100.55° E | 3000 | 3.64 | 46% |
12 | Irkutsk, Russia | IRKT | 52.47° N 104.03° E | 475 | 3.64 | 27% |
13 | Jungfraujoch, Switzerland | JUNG | 46.55° N 7.98° E | 3570 | 4.50 | 0% |
14 | Jungfraujoch 1, Switzerland | JUNG1 | 46.55° N 7.98° E | 3475 | 4.50 | 0% |
15 | Kerguelen, Indian Ocean | KERG | 49.35° S 70.25° E | 33 | 1.14 | 3% |
16 | Kiel 2, Germany | KIEL2 | 54.34° N 10.12° E | 54 | 2.36 | 0% |
17 | Lomnicky stit, Slovakia | LMKS | 49.20° N 20.22° E | 2634 | 3.84 | 0% |
18 | Mc Murdo, Antarctica | MCMU | 77.95° S 166.60° E | 48 | 0.30 | 100% |
19 | Mobile CR Laboratory, Russia | MCRL | 55.47° N 37.32° E | 2000 | 2.43 | 100% |
20 | Magadan, Russia | MGDN | 60.04° N 151.05° E | 220 | 2.10 | 100% |
21 | Moscow, Russia | MOSC | 55.47° N 37.32° E | 200 | 2.43 | 100% |
22 | Mirny, Antarctica | MRNY | 66.55° N 93.02° E | 30 | 0.03 | 100% |
23 | Nain, Canada | NAIN | 56.55° N 61.68° W | 46 | 0.30 | 16% |
24 | Newark, USA | NEWK | 39.68° N 75.75° W | 50 | 2.40 | 10% |
25 | Novosibirsk, Russia | NVBK | 54.48° N 83.00° E | 163 | 2.91 | 100% |
26 | Oulu, Finland | OULU | 65.05° N 25.47° E | 15 | 0.81 | 0% |
27 | Peawanuk, Canada | PWNK | 54.98° N 85.44° W | 53 | 0.30 | 24% |
28 | Rome, Italy | ROME | 41.86° N 12.47° E | 0 | 6.27 | 1% |
29 | South Pole Bare, Antarctica | SOPB | 90.00° S N/A | 2820 | 0.10 | 5% |
30 | South Pole, Antarctica | SOPO | 90.00° S N/A | 2820 | 0.10 | 5% |
31 | Terre Adelie, Antarctica | TERA | 66.65° S 140.00° E | 32 | 0.00 | 6% |
32 | Thule, Greenland | THUL | 76.50° N 68.70° W | 26 | 0.30 | 3% |
33 | Tixie Bay, Russia | TXBY | 71.01° N 128.54° E | 0 | 0.48 | 0% |
34 | Yakutsk, Russia | YKTK | 62.01° N 129.43° E | 105 | 1.65 | 0% |
No | NM Station | Abbr. | Geogr. Coordinates | Altitude (m) | Cut-Off Rigidity (GV) | Downtime Fraction (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Almaty, Kazakhstan | AATA | 43.25° N 76.92° E | 897 | 5.90 | 42% |
2 | Ahmedabad, India | AHMD | 23.01° N 72.61° E | 50 | 15.94 | 100% |
3 | Aragats, Armenia | ARNM | 40.22° N 44.15° E | 3200 | 7.10 | 100% |
4 | Barentsburg, Spitzbergen | BRBG | 78.06° N 14.22° E | 51 | 0.00 | 3% |
5 | Calgary, Canada | CALG | 51.08° N 24.13° W | 1123 | 1.08 | 95% |
6 | Climax, USA | CLMX | 39.37° N 106.18° W | 3400 | 3.03 | 100% |
7 | Daejeon, South Korea | DJON | 36.39° N 127.37° E | 200 | 11.20 | 84% |
8 | Mini Dome Bare, Antarctica | DOMB | 75.06° S 123.20° E | 3233 | 0.01 | 32% |
9 | Mini Dome C, Antarctica | DOMC | 75.06° S 123.20° E | 3233 | 0.01 | 0% |
10 | Dourbes, Belgium | DRBS | 50.10° N 4.60° E | 225 | 3.18 | 0% |
11 | Dourbes2, Belgium | DRBS2 | 50.10° N 4.60° E | 225 | 3.18 | 100% |
12 | Durham, USA | DRHM | 43.10° N 70.83° W | 0 | 1.58 | 100% |
13 | Haleakala1, Hawaii | HLE1 | 20.72° N 156.28° W | 3052 | 13.30 | 100% |
14 | Hermanus, South Africa | HRMS | 34.43° S 19.23° E | 26 | 4.58 | 80% |
15 | Huancayo, Perou | HUAN | 12.03° S 75.33° W | 3400 | 13.45 | 100% |
16 | Jang Bogo, Antarctica | JBGO | 74.6° S 164.2° E | 30 | 0.30 | 87% |
17 | Kingston, Australia | KGSN | 42.99° S 147.29° E | 65 | 1.88 | 100% |
18 | Kiel, Germany | KIEL | 54.34° N 10.12° E | 54 | 2.36 | 100% |
19 | Leadville, USA | LDVL | 39.15° N 106.14° W | 3094 | 3.03 | 100% |
20 | Mt. Wellington, Australia | MTWS | 42.92° S 147.25° E | 725 | 1.80 | 100% |
21 | Mawson, Antarctica | MWSN | 67.60° S 62.88° E | 0 | 0.22 | 13% |
22 | Mexico City, Mexico | MXCO | 19.33° N 260.82° E | 2274 | 8.20 | 4% |
23 | Nor-Amberd, Armenia | NANM | 40.22° N 44.15° E | 2000 | 7.10 | 53% |
24 | Neumayer III, Antarctica | NEU3 | 70.38° S 8.15° W | 40 | 0.10 | 100% |
25 | Norilsk, Russia | NRLK | 69.26° N 88.05° E | 0 | 0.63 | 7% |
26 | Ny-Alesund, Spitzbergen | NYAA | 78.90° N 11.90° E | 0 | 0.00 | 100% |
27 | Observatorio de Rayos Cósmicos Antártico, Antarctica | ORCA | 62.39° S 60.23° W | 12 | 100% | |
28 | Observatorio de Rayos Cósmicos Antártico B, Antarctica | ORCB | 62.39° S 60.23° W | 12 | 100% | |
29 | Polarstern, Atlantic Ocean | POL1 | Antarctica, ship | 0 | 100% | |
30 | Doi Inthanon, Thailand | PSNM | 18.59° N 98.49° E | 2565 | 16.80 | 100% |
31 | Potchefstroom, South Africa | PTFM | 26.68° S 27.09° E | 1351 | 6.94 | 58% |
32 | Sanae VIII, Antarctica | SANB | 70.31° S 02.40° W | 52 | 0.73 | 100% |
33 | Sanae IV, Antarctica | SNAE | 71.40° S 02.51° W | 856 | 0.73 | 100% |
34 | Tibet, China | TIBT | 30.11° N 90.53° E | 4300 | 14.10 | 100% |
35 | Tsumeb, Namibia | TSMB | 19.20° S 17.58° E | 1240 | 9.15 | 91% |
36 | Zugspitze, Germany | UFSZ | 47.40° N 11.00° E | 2650 | 4.10 | 100% |
37 | Zugspitze, Germany | ZUGS | 47.42° N 10.98° E | 2960 | 4.24 | 100% |
Equivalent Mean Delay (min) | Real-Time Index | Equivalent Mean Delay (min) | Real-Time Index |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 100.00 | 16 | 75.41 |
2 | 98.36 | 17 | 73.77 |
3 | 96.72 | 18 | 72.13 |
4 | 95.08 | 19 | 70.49 |
5 | 93.44 | 20 | 68.85 |
6 | 91.80 | 21 | 67.21 |
7 | 90.16 | 22 | 65.57 |
8 | 88.52 | 23 | 63.93 |
9 | 86.89 | 24 | 62.30 |
10 | 85.25 | 25 | 60.66 |
11 | 83.61 | 26 | 59.02 |
12 | 81.97 | 27 | 57.38 |
13 | 80.33 | 28 | 55.74 |
14 | 78.69 | 29 | 54.10 |
15 | 77.05 | 30 | 52.46 |
NMs Used in the Current Version of GLE Alert++ (from Table 1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MM.YYYY | AATB | APTY | ATHN | BKSN | CALM | FSMT | INVK | IRK2 | IRK3 | IRKT | JUNG | JUNG1 | KERG | KIEL2 | NAIN | NEWK | OULU | PWNK | ROME | SOPB | SOPO | TERA | THUL | TXBY | YKTK |
08.2022 | 99.30 | 89.60 | 82.22 | 99.14 | 99.07 | 90.60 | 92.35 | 0.00 | 30.35 | 96.68 | 93.20 | 93.27 | 97.76 | 97.82 | 90.53 | 93.23 | 97.19 | 90.14 | 99.23 | 84.85 | 84.88 | 97.59 | 91.98 | 59.52 | 61.72 |
07.2022 | 99.23 | 48.69 | 90.80 | 98.17 | 99.35 | 81.00 | 88.51 | 0.00 | 13.04 | 63.01 | 92.91 | 92.97 | 96.27 | 69.59 | 76.82 | 88.39 | 97.86 | 86.76 | 89.41 | 77.91 | 77.98 | 97.66 | 83.91 | 76.74 | 77.18 |
06.2022 | 98.52 | 78.79 | 89.95 | 99.63 | 99.82 | 79.67 | 93.57 | 49.01 | 54.58 | 4.14 | 93.86 | 93.92 | 91.39 | 100.00 | 91.67 | 94.34 | 98.13 | 89.84 | 99.57 | 79.96 | 79.97 | 93.77 | 92.25 | 17.30 | 17.32 |
05.2022 | 94.49 | 86.74 | 96.43 | 39.04 | 99.82 | 90.64 | 94.34 | 72.12 | 90.58 | 0.00 | 94.15 | 94.23 | 97.38 | 96.30 | 89.92 | 87.35 | 98.35 | 93.75 | 99.19 | 90.42 | 90.43 | 95.51 | 92.85 | 80.94 | 82.61 |
04.2022 | 99.81 | 92.43 | 100.00 | 62.81 | 99.82 | 81.57 | 89.60 | 86.32 | 89.30 | 33.23 | 94.46 | 94.54 | 95.98 | 99.86 | 91.77 | 93.49 | 98.37 | 86.48 | 98.08 | 72.80 | 72.82 | 97.03 | 92.25 | 80.50 | 81.53 |
03.2022 | 99.97 | 74.75 | 95.33 | 99.71 | 99.82 | 92.43 | 94.10 | 86.12 | 3.08 | 94.15 | 94.80 | 94.87 | 95.03 | 99.98 | 91.44 | 87.53 | 98.37 | 92.54 | 98.53 | 86.07 | 83.59 | 98.00 | 92.52 | 79.85 | 81.79 |
02.2022 | 96.43 | 99.43 | 97.57 | 99.91 | 84.90 | 91.62 | 94.16 | 82.98 | 63.82 | 93.12 | 95.11 | 95.16 | 95.46 | 99.86 | 89.91 | 89.85 | 98.36 | 90.15 | 89.18 | 91.42 | 91.43 | 97.16 | 92.31 | 84.05 | 81.62 |
01.2022 | 99.79 | 62.59 | 62.89 | 99.69 | 15.09 | 49.50 | 94.09 | 79.01 | 83.51 | 88.42 | 95.23 | 95.28 | 89.16 | 99.84 | 57.47 | 90.40 | 98.06 | 92.61 | 98.95 | 89.85 | 89.91 | 94.53 | 92.59 | 80.53 | 83.25 |
12.2021 | 99.40 | 87.00 | 83.33 | 88.33 | 75.66 | 81.89 | 94.00 | 90.08 | 75.78 | 96.55 | 95.73 | 95.79 | 94.63 | 99.17 | 1.64 | 94.53 | 98.18 | 83.11 | 99.64 | 92.04 | 92.05 | 88.24 | 92.17 | 82.95 | 82.46 |
11.2021 | 98.44 | 69.53 | 89.48 | 97.61 | 98.25 | 72.87 | 92.79 | 45.71 | 0.71 | 16.36 | 94.52 | 94.56 | 75.52 | 98.44 | 31.58 | 92.88 | 96.83 | 92.37 | 97.76 | 90.74 | 90.66 | 90.84 | 88.19 | 81.96 | 82.06 |
10.2021 | 93.21 | 66.55 | 94.22 | 98.93 | 99.77 | 94.32 | 91.91 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 95.54 | 96.41 | 92.79 | 100.00 | 93.80 | 92.07 | 98.37 | 92.97 | 99.42 | 93.87 | 93.85 | 97.60 | 93.52 | 81.72 | 82.85 |
09.2021 | 99.99 | 60.71 | 93.51 | 99.82 | 99.79 | 87.58 | 92.84 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 96.66 | 96.72 | 94.05 | 100.00 | 93.68 | 95.66 | 96.40 | 93.40 | 99.32 | 92.16 | 92.30 | 98.05 | 94.51 | 76.78 | 86.06 |
08.2021 | 96.85 | 63.12 | 78.20 | 97.92 | 99.85 | 79.65 | 89.76 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 97.00 | 97.05 | 88.29 | 100.00 | 93.31 | 94.49 | 98.39 | 94.96 | 97.68 | 95.09 | 95.31 | 97.94 | 90.90 | 81.97 | 83.09 |
07.2021 | 94.26 | 29.11 | 86.62 | 95.40 | 96.44 | 73.10 | 92.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 94.03 | 94.09 | 89.14 | 96.62 | 90.29 | 89.02 | 93.66 | 86.27 | 94.56 | 91.68 | 91.80 | 94.45 | 89.58 | 78.23 | 72.67 |
06.2021 | 99.64 | 33.67 | 93.25 | 99.86 | 99.86 | 93.49 | 96.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 97.18 | 97.68 | 93.32 | 99.32 | 93.80 | 96.14 | 98.38 | 93.62 | 99.15 | 94.53 | 93.87 | 95.66 | 94.75 | 84.04 | 82.89 |
05.2021 | 99.74 | 45.98 | 89.98 | 99.63 | 99.84 | 82.47 | 84.25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 84.74 | 92.58 | 98.04 | 90.93 | 98.57 | 82.29 | 91.06 | 98.45 | 74.57 | 99.38 | 68.63 | 68.48 | 97.15 | 89.44 | 85.03 | 83.69 |
04.2021 | 99.42 | 77.94 | 84.85 | 99.18 | 99.48 | 94.37 | 96.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 89.28 | 98.77 | 98.84 | 89.31 | 99.27 | 94.74 | 96.70 | 98.02 | 1.64 | 98.99 | 95.17 | 95.23 | 93.72 | 91.46 | 84.52 | 82.67 |
03.2021 | 99.60 | 59.43 | 88.59 | 96.23 | 75.91 | 91.36 | 92.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 25.13 | 98.92 | 98.90 | 87.55 | 99.74 | 91.81 | 92.57 | 98.09 | 1.64 | 99.12 | 89.61 | 89.69 | 93.51 | 91.27 | 73.92 | 80.21 |
02.2021 | 90.50 | 63.42 | 61.03 | 82.58 | 99.83 | 88.49 | 91.03 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 14.47 | 99.40 | 99.49 | 93.37 | 98.70 | 88.61 | 90.00 | 97.69 | 1.64 | 99.34 | 87.29 | 87.29 | 85.24 | 88.06 | 82.59 | 85.65 |
01.2021 | 99.96 | 64.61 | 81.95 | 85.11 | 99.82 | 95.10 | 97.44 | 0.00 | 41.66 | 26.32 | 99.53 | 99.61 | 88.28 | 99.98 | 95.35 | 95.72 | 97.49 | 1.64 | 81.75 | 92.36 | 92.50 | 90.49 | 93.94 | 66.85 | 74.55 |
12.2020 | 96.82 | 90.94 | 83.14 | 94.68 | 99.82 | 78.30 | 83.08 | 0.00 | 2.24 | 83.66 | 99.50 | 99.71 | 97.61 | 99.98 | 80.40 | 82.91 | 97.74 | 45.89 | 98.29 | 79.88 | 79.95 | 91.82 | 80.05 | 79.55 | 84.04 |
11.2020 | 99.68 | 69.82 | 91.27 | 99.70 | 99.59 | 77.62 | 84.28 | 0.00 | 82.59 | 95.89 | 99.32 | 99.40 | 97.23 | 99.78 | 81.94 | 83.09 | 98.49 | 82.67 | 99.11 | 81.26 | 81.31 | 89.94 | 82.50 | 80.86 | 83.37 |
10.2020 | 99.36 | 49.57 | 82.19 | 97.03 | 80.66 | 88.34 | 94.33 | 0.00 | 81.25 | 96.57 | 99.79 | 99.86 | 95.94 | 97.49 | 93.95 | 96.00 | 96.86 | 95.43 | 99.13 | 76.31 | 76.28 | 87.11 | 95.08 | 76.71 | 84.01 |
09.2020 | 98.96 | 61.18 | 86.12 | 96.43 | 7.90 | 82.29 | 81.85 | 0.00 | 69.53 | 96.01 | 15.76 | 99.91 | 94.91 | 99.99 | 83.53 | 82.42 | 98.22 | 78.12 | 92.52 | 82.18 | 82.21 | 87.77 | 38.27 | 78.73 | 81.43 |
08.2020 | 98.08 | 64.48 | 89.95 | 97.72 | 85.14 | 65.07 | 72.35 | 14.03 | 75.92 | 83.01 | 40.88 | 98.15 | 89.02 | 98.31 | 72.57 | 72.93 | 98.07 | 71.86 | 97.55 | 69.05 | 69.13 | 78.06 | 57.00 | 66.34 | 80.82 |
07.2020 | 99.51 | 82.65 | 85.23 | 99.07 | 49.67 | 72.86 | 75.18 | 62.58 | 15.53 | 82.32 | 99.91 | 99.96 | 91.43 | 99.26 | 75.78 | 76.63 | 99.89 | 75.44 | 98.74 | 72.99 | 73.00 | 89.83 | 75.28 | 68.29 | 84.08 |
06.2020 | 98.46 | 72.13 | 93.67 | 99.90 | 44.53 | 62.96 | 69.28 | 0.29 | 1.00 | 88.05 | 95.45 | 95.45 | 96.77 | 100.00 | 59.55 | 51.63 | 96.40 | 56.07 | 99.10 | 67.52 | 67.54 | 93.69 | 58.12 | 72.76 | 85.24 |
05.2020 | 97.76 | 35.14 | 98.24 | 98.58 | 30.96 | 24.90 | 55.70 | 21.37 | 30.02 | 98.33 | 100.00 | 99.93 | 91.23 | 100.00 | 55.37 | 1.64 | 98.28 | 1.64 | 80.28 | 52.73 | 52.75 | 35.73 | 38.14 | 53.99 | 71.47 |
04.2020 | 99.94 | 53.33 | 6.49 | 99.76 | 0.00 | 31.55 | 65.56 | 82.89 | 80.16 | 94.70 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 94.11 | 100.00 | 36.86 | 1.64 | 98.15 | 1.64 | 66.91 | 64.93 | 64.91 | 93.27 | 65.11 | 67.06 | 81.34 |
03.2020 | 99.80 | 22.40 | 29.08 | 99.64 | 0.00 | 33.95 | 56.94 | 85.20 | 80.67 | 98.23 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 95.46 | 100.00 | 1.64 | 38.55 | 98.25 | 34.35 | 99.54 | 56.02 | 56.08 | 90.91 | 56.39 | 66.41 | 82.73 |
02.2020 | 97.15 | 69.03 | 99.70 | 99.72 | 32.38 | 44.41 | 72.67 | 83.58 | 66.40 | 94.87 | 100.00 | 96.61 | 84.36 | 99.65 | 13.63 | 31.12 | 98.35 | 48.57 | 99.54 | 56.95 | 57.00 | 84.56 | 70.15 | 73.60 | 83.19 |
01.2020 | 99.93 | 25.27 | 99.61 | 98.93 | 34.30 | 49.97 | 75.14 | 64.48 | 0.00 | 72.04 | 98.97 | 98.97 | 85.59 | 99.99 | 45.82 | 71.73 | 64.48 | 73.72 | 98.33 | 73.78 | 73.86 | 54.17 | 74.19 | 67.25 | 69.43 |
NMs Not Used in the Current Version of GLE Alert++ (from Table 2) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MM.YYYY | AATA | BRBG | CALG | DJON | DOMB | DOMC | DRBS | HRMS | JBGO | MWSN | MXCO | NANM | NRLK | PTFM | TSMB |
08.2022 | 93.33 | 0.00 | 65.41 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 98.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 27.96 | 36.48 | 0.00 | 32.32 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
07.2022 | 6.01 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 99.44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 26.20 | 36.23 | 0.00 | 42.65 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
06.2022 | 7.21 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 99.78 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 22.40 | 36.47 | 0.00 | 35.68 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
05.2022 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 99.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 17.17 | 36.46 | 0.00 | 84.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
04.2022 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 99.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.66 | 36.48 | 0.00 | 84.54 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
03.2022 | 0.00 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 96.26 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 22.02 | 36.46 | 0.00 | 75.74 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
02.2022 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 88.91 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 22.58 | 36.42 | 0.00 | 77.60 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
01.2022 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 97.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 22.61 | 36.43 | 0.00 | 73.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
12.2021 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 1.64 | 1.52 | 98.78 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 22.22 | 36.45 | 0.00 | 74.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
11.2021 | 16.87 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 1.64 | 1.38 | 96.41 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 20.18 | 35.89 | 0.00 | 83.38 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
10.2021 | 0.09 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 99.95 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 13.39 | 36.42 | 0.00 | 71.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
09.2021 | 31.86 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 96.71 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 16.89 | 36.46 | 0.00 | 59.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
08.2021 | 79.18 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 98.77 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 22.72 | 33.63 | 0.00 | 65.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
07.2021 | 51.61 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 96.31 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 21.89 | 34.73 | 0.00 | 76.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
06.2021 | 60.76 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 82.24 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 23.67 | 36.33 | 0.00 | 82.40 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
05.2021 | 86.30 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 99.88 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 19.13 | 36.38 | 58.92 | 80.80 | 0.81 | 0.00 |
04.2021 | 92.26 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 1.07 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 98.68 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 24.21 | 36.05 | 92.58 | 80.13 | 1.05 | 0.00 |
03.2021 | 70.81 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 97.83 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 19.21 | 35.90 | 80.72 | 77.68 | 1.64 | 0.00 |
02.2021 | 87.67 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 96.85 | 0.04 | 0.86 | 23.84 | 31.87 | 93.20 | 14.51 | 1.64 | 0.00 |
01.2021 | 87.10 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 98.34 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 17.78 | 1.74 | 80.68 | 43.23 | 1.64 | 0.00 |
12.2020 | 58.52 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 93.04 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 20.31 | 1.74 | 57.47 | 26.04 | 1.48 | 0.00 |
11.2020 | 66.68 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 1.64 | 99.72 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 9.76 | 1.76 | 43.22 | 84.27 | 1.29 | 0.00 |
10.2020 | 50.41 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 93.59 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 23.67 | 1.75 | 94.02 | 49.93 | 1.54 | 0.00 |
09.2020 | 83.23 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 23.21 | 1.72 | 93.88 | 70.35 | 1.58 | 0.00 |
08.2020 | 90.11 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 23.20 | 1.41 | 91.65 | 66.96 | 1.47 | 0.00 |
07.2020 | 82.11 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.56 | 1.64 | 1.28 | 39.92 | 24.85 | 1.59 | 94.23 | 73.52 | 1.58 | 0.27 |
06.2020 | 93.58 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.52 | 37.34 | 1.56 | 32.64 | 22.20 | 1.74 | 91.84 | 71.39 | 2.13 | 0.32 |
05.2020 | 90.51 | 1.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 77.84 | 1.64 | 0.78 | 22.75 | 1.74 | 86.54 | 85.75 | 1.50 | 0.38 |
04.2020 | 96.30 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.54 | 1.62 | 1.64 | 0.73 | 8.02 | 1.74 | 91.95 | 87.22 | 1.24 | 0.53 |
03.2020 | 59.22 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 1.64 | 67.89 | 0.81 | 1.43 | 1.74 | 88.34 | 86.05 | 82.27 | 62.66 |
02.2020 | 72.95 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 65.27 | 67.20 | 1.29 | 1.51 | 1.74 | 93.48 | 83.23 | 64.09 | 55.57 |
01.2020 | 99.73 | 1.64 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 1.64 | 3.10 | 73.54 | 1.54 | 1.34 | 1.74 | 68.27 | 36.96 | 64.78 | 43.58 |
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Mavromichalaki, H.; Paschalis, P.; Gerontidou, M.; Tezari, A.; Papailiou, M.-C.; Lingri, D.; Livada, M.; Stassinakis, A.; Crosby, N.; Dierckxsens, M. An Assessment of the GLE Alert++ Warning System. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030345
Mavromichalaki H, Paschalis P, Gerontidou M, Tezari A, Papailiou M-C, Lingri D, Livada M, Stassinakis A, Crosby N, Dierckxsens M. An Assessment of the GLE Alert++ Warning System. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(3):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030345
Chicago/Turabian StyleMavromichalaki, Helen, Pavlos Paschalis, Maria Gerontidou, Anastasia Tezari, Maria-Christina Papailiou, Dimitra Lingri, Maria Livada, Argyris Stassinakis, Norma Crosby, and Mark Dierckxsens. 2024. "An Assessment of the GLE Alert++ Warning System" Atmosphere 15, no. 3: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030345
APA StyleMavromichalaki, H., Paschalis, P., Gerontidou, M., Tezari, A., Papailiou, M. -C., Lingri, D., Livada, M., Stassinakis, A., Crosby, N., & Dierckxsens, M. (2024). An Assessment of the GLE Alert++ Warning System. Atmosphere, 15(3), 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030345