Spatial Dynamic Interaction Effects and Formation Mechanisms of Air Pollution in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Convergent Cross Mapping
2.2.2. Social Network Analysis
2.2.3. Block Model Analysis
2.2.4. Exponential Random Graph Models
2.3. Data Description
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial Distribution Patterns
3.2. Spatial Dynamic Interactions of Air Pollution
3.2.1. CCM Causality Identification
3.2.2. Overall Spatial Dynamics Interaction Effects
3.2.3. Spatial Dynamics Interaction by Period
3.3. Social Network Analysis
3.3.1. Overall Characteristic Analysis
3.3.2. Individual Node Characteristics Analysis
3.3.3. Spatial Clustering Analysis
3.4. Network Influence Factors Analysis
4. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
4.1. Conclusions
4.2. Policy Recommendations
4.3. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Window Phase | Emission Effect Intensity | Receiving Effect Intensity | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heze | Kaifeng | Liaocheng | Zhoukou | Puyang | Luohe | Xuchang | Xinxiang | Kaifeng | Anyang | |
00–02 | 20.206 | 20.214 | 19.506 | 19.334 | 19.309 | 20.289 | 20.264 | 20.194 | 20.203 | 20.049 |
01–03 | 20.209 | 20.179 | 19.439 | 19.349 | 19.227 | 20.349 | 20.307 | 20.254 | 20.220 | 20.143 |
02–04 | 20.255 | 20.250 | 19.589 | 19.488 | 19.413 | 20.597 | 20.513 | 20.428 | 20.379 | 20.224 |
03–05 | 20.282 | 20.209 | 19.622 | 19.523 | 19.428 | 20.667 | 20.653 | 20.483 | 20.419 | 20.403 |
04–06 | 20.316 | 20.297 | 19.627 | 19.610 | 19.567 | 20.761 | 20.769 | 20.537 | 20.467 | 20.557 |
05–07 | 20.441 | 20.388 | 19.834 | 19.731 | 19.613 | 20.998 | 20.800 | 20.764 | 20.616 | 20.609 |
06–08 | 20.471 | 20.419 | 19.642 | 19.687 | 19.813 | 20.943 | 21.016 | 20.671 | 20.584 | 20.694 |
07–09 | 20.523 | 20.375 | 19.751 | 19.734 | 19.711 | 21.386 | 21.285 | 21.022 | 20.961 | 20.686 |
08–10 | 20.491 | 20.461 | 19.169 | 19.910 | 20.019 | 21.546 | 21.642 | 20.492 | 21.164 | 20.641 |
09–11 | 20.621 | 20.698 | 20.049 | 20.416 | 20.049 | 21.849 | 21.489 | 21.067 | 20.894 | 20.889 |
10–12 | 20.792 | 20.641 | 20.541 | 19.843 | 20.112 | 22.064 | 21.249 | 21.649 | 21.349 | 20.984 |
11–13 | 20.471 | 20.556 | 20.040 | 19.671 | 19.876 | 21.649 | 21.164 | 21.421 | 20.876 | 20.661 |
12–14 | 20.667 | 20.417 | 20.331 | 20.001 | 20.134 | 21.669 | 21.541 | 21.341 | 21.034 | 20.871 |
13–15 | 20.613 | 20.399 | 20.201 | 20.164 | 19.864 | 21.541 | 21.473 | 20.864 | 20.671 | 20.314 |
14–16 | 20.743 | 20.541 | 20.246 | 20.019 | 20.164 | 21.550 | 21.400 | 20.946 | 20.764 | 20.513 |
15–17 | 20.640 | 20.216 | 20.349 | 19.671 | 19.943 | 21.506 | 21.246 | 20.716 | 20.664 | 20.530 |
16–18 | 20.513 | 20.016 | 19.973 | 19.780 | 19.641 | 21.300 | 21.149 | 20.846 | 20.604 | 20.431 |
17–19 | 20.556 | 20.164 | 20.049 | 19.704 | 19.430 | 21.294 | 21.204 | 20.877 | 20.159 | 20.300 |
18–20 | 20.319 | 20.013 | 19.870 | 19.647 | 19.216 | 21.001 | 20.846 | 20.613 | 20.443 | 20.304 |
City | Outdegree | Indegree | Degree | Betweenness | Closeness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Handan | 15 | 11 | 26 | 0.000 | 4.947 |
Xingtai | 18 | 20 | 38 | 2.363 | 5.375 |
Changzhi | 4 | 2 | 6 | 54.000 | 1.807 |
Jincheng | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.000 | 0.867 |
Yuncheng | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.000 | 0.867 |
Bengbu | 21 | 16 | 37 | 3.859 | 5.441 |
Huaibei | 21 | 16 | 37 | 62.456 | 5.446 |
Fuyang | 16 | 17 | 33 | 3.014 | 5.300 |
Suzhou | 21 | 10 | 31 | 1.787 | 5.441 |
Bozhou | 18 | 16 | 34 | 2.832 | 5.300 |
Liaocheng | 23 | 22 | 45 | 8.325 | 5.672 |
Heze | 23 | 24 | 47 | 53.387 | 5.723 |
Zhengzhou | 20 | 21 | 41 | 5.343 | 5.505 |
Kaifeng | 23 | 24 | 47 | 8.909 | 5.619 |
Luoyang | 14 | 2 | 16 | 1.313 | 4.829 |
Pingdingshan | 18 | 24 | 42 | 4.911 | 5.620 |
Anyang | 22 | 24 | 46 | 9.412 | 5.724 |
Hebi | 20 | 25 | 45 | 9.853 | 5.724 |
Xinxiang | 21 | 25 | 46 | 39.307 | 5.871 |
Jiaozuo | 20 | 20 | 40 | 7.650 | 5.508 |
Puyang | 20 | 22 | 42 | 4.185 | 5.564 |
Xuchang | 22 | 26 | 48 | 11.918 | 5.724 |
Luohe | 21 | 25 | 46 | 7.023 | 5.672 |
Sanmenxia | 7 | 2 | 9 | 0.000 | 3.613 |
Nanyang | 20 | 24 | 44 | 5.116 | 5.620 |
Shangqiu | 20 | 21 | 41 | 3.824 | 5.504 |
Xinyang | 14 | 22 | 36 | 5.373 | 5.504 |
Zhoukou | 23 | 23 | 46 | 8.729 | 5.563 |
Zhumadian | 23 | 25 | 48 | 11.532 | 5.672 |
Jiyuan | 15 | 14 | 29 | 1.576 | 4.942 |
Plate | Relations Received | Relations Sent | Expected Internal Relations | Actual Internal Relations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inside | Outside | Inside | Outside | |||
I | 205 | 115 | 205 | 116 | 51.724% | 63.863% |
II | 78 | 119 | 78 | 99 | 27.586% | 44.068% |
III | 6 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 6.897% | 75.000% |
IV | 2 | 12 | 2 | 19 | 3.448% | 9.524% |
Plate | Density Matrix | Image Matrix | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | |
I | 0.958 | 0.632 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
II | 0.722 | 0.986 | 0 | 0.111 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
III | 0.021 | 0.037 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
IV | 0.531 | 0.611 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Base Model | Node Covariate | Network Covariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Network self-organization effect | ||||
Edges | −2.1567 (0.0196) | −1.9234 (0.0179) | −2.4691 (0.0579) | −2.8973 (0.0713) |
Mutual | 1.1784 (0.0271) | 1.2620 (0.0304) | 1.1648 (0.0288) | 1.0094 (0.0416) |
Individual attribute effect | ||||
Mid AP | 0.2861 (0.0112) | 0.1457 (0.0211) | 0.1978 (0.0164) | 0.1447 (0.0184) |
High AP | 0.5547 (0.0195) | 0.5249 (0.0260) | 0.3267 (0.0228) | 0.2513 (0.0307) |
Rain | −0.0237 (0.0118) | 0.0201 (0.0123) | ||
Temp | 0.0328 (0.0579) | 0.0319 (0.0649) | ||
Rgdp | 0.1597 (0.0249) | 0.1794 (0.0230) | ||
Pop | 0.0198 (0.0106) | 0.0202 (0.0109) | ||
Ind | 0.1312 (0.0306) | 0.0165 (0.0284) | ||
Exogenous network effect | ||||
Geographic location | 1.1216 (0.3197) | |||
Climate linkage | 0.2449 (0.0497) | |||
Economic linkage | 0.3167 (0.0515) |
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Huang, J.; Lu, H.; Huang, Y. Spatial Dynamic Interaction Effects and Formation Mechanisms of Air Pollution in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration in China. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080984
Huang J, Lu H, Huang Y. Spatial Dynamic Interaction Effects and Formation Mechanisms of Air Pollution in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration in China. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(8):984. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080984
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Jie, Hongyang Lu, and Yajun Huang. 2024. "Spatial Dynamic Interaction Effects and Formation Mechanisms of Air Pollution in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration in China" Atmosphere 15, no. 8: 984. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080984