Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Various Fruit Types: A Comparative Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Pre-Treatment
2.4. Extraction Methodology Investigation
2.4.1. UVA-DLLME Procedure
2.4.2. SLE Procedure
2.5. GC-FID Conditions
2.6. Gas Chromatography Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-IT/MS)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Application to Real Samples
3.2. Fruit Contamination in Urban and Rural Areas
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAH | SLE (% R) | UVA-DLLME (% R) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | Apple | Pear | Grape | Apple | Pear | Grape |
Acy | 37.1 ± 2.6 | 36.2 ± 4.3 | 35.1 ± 3.3 | 68.0 ± 1.2 | 69.1 ± 0.9 | 70.2 ± 0.5 |
Ace | 37.1 ± 1.9 | 32.5 ± 3.1 | 31.2 ± 3.1 | 68.4 ± 0.5 | 67.4 ± 1.2 | 69.1 ± 0.4 |
Fla | 75.5 ± 4.0 | 68.1 ± 3.8 | 66.2 ± 4.3 | 78.4 ± 0.6 | 80.0 ± 1.2 | 79.1 ± 0.5 |
Fle | 57.4 ± 3.2 | 53.1 ± 2.6 | 50.2 ± 2.3 | 87.4 ± 1.3 | 88.5 ± 1.4 | 89.1 ± 0.3 |
B[a]P | 65.8 ± 2.1 | 64.1 ± 3.2 | 61.2 ± 3.5 | 67.2 ± 1.3 | 68.3 ± 1.2 | 69.8 ± 1.2 |
B[b]P | 71.2 ± 2.1 | 70.1 ± 2.3 | 72.2 ± 4.1 | 78.4 ± 0.5 | 79.1 ± 0.2 | 80.1 ± 0.2 |
Ph | 75.3 ± 2.3 | 72.1 ± 3.6 | 72.3 ± 3.1 | 96.2 ± 0.8 | 98.0 ± 0.4 | 98.3 ± 1.3 |
Py | 73.6 ± 3.4 | 72.1 ± 2.5 | 70.2 ± 3.3 | 78.4 ± 0.3 | 80.1 ± 0.7 | 79.7 ± 1.2 |
PAH | R2 | LOD | LOQ | % R a | Intra-Day (1) b | Intra-Day (2) b | Inter-Day c | RDS (%) d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acy | 0.9934 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 68.0 ± 1.2 | 66.3 ± 2.2 | 65.2 ± 3.2 | 65.6 ± 5.6 | 0.8 |
Ace | 0.9924 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 68.4 ± 0.5 | 67.2 ± 1.5 | 65.3 ± 3.5 | 66.7 ± 4.5 | 1.5 |
Fla | 0.9945 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 78.4 ± 0.6 | 75.4 ± 1.3 | 76.2 ± 3.4 | 76.0 ± 4.4 | 0.6 |
Fle | 0.9914 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 87.4 ± 1.3 | 85.3 ± 2.1 | 86.1 ± 4.7 | 85.8 ± 4.5 | 0.5 |
B[a]P | 0.9912 | 0.28 | 0.62 | 67.2 ± 1.3 | 65.1 ± 2.0 | 68.1 ± 3.3 | 67.3 ± 4.3 | 2.3 |
B[b]P | 0.9923 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 78.4 ± 0.5 | 76.3 ± 1.5 | 74.1 ± 2.7 | 75.3 ± 3.7 | 1.5 |
Ph | 0.9932 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 96.2 ± 0.8 | 93.6 ± 1.3 | 96.3 ± 2.1 | 94.8 ± 4.1 | 1.4 |
Py | 0.9915 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 78.4 ± 0.3 | 76.3 ± 1.4 | 75.2 ± 3.4 | 75.7 ± 3.5 | 0.7 |
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Di Fiore, C.; Maio, M.; Notardonato, I.; Avino, P. Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Various Fruit Types: A Comparative Analysis. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091028
Di Fiore C, Maio M, Notardonato I, Avino P. Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Various Fruit Types: A Comparative Analysis. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(9):1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091028
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Fiore, Cristina, Monica Maio, Ivan Notardonato, and Pasquale Avino. 2024. "Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Various Fruit Types: A Comparative Analysis" Atmosphere 15, no. 9: 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091028