Soil Salinity Assessment Using Saturated Paste and Mass Soil:Water 1:1 and 1:5 Ratios Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Electrical Conductivity and Ions Concentration in the Extracts of the Three Methods
3.2. The Relationship between ECe and 1:1 Method
3.3. The Relationship between ECe and 1:5 Method
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hillel, D. Out of the Earth: Civilization and the Life of the Soil. Soil Sci. 1991, 152, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szabolcs, I. Agronomical and ecological impact of irrigation on soil and water salinity. In Advances in Soil Science; Stewart, B.A., Ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- United States Salinity Laboratory. Diagnoses and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils; Agriculture Handbook No 60; USDA: Washington, DC, USA, 1954.
- Khorsandi, F.; Yazdi, F.A. Gypsum and texture effects on the estimation of saturated paste electrical conductivity by two extraction methods. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2007, 38, 1105–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rayment, G.E.; Lyons, D.J. Soil Chemical Analysis Methods-Australia; CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood, VIC, Australia, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.X.; Lian, X.J.; Xiao, H.; Wang, L.Y.; He, H.D. Measurements of soil electrical conductivity in Tianjin coastal area. Tianjin Agric. Sci. 2011, 17, 18–21. [Google Scholar]
- He, Y.; DeSutter, T.; Prunty, L.; Hopkins, D.; Jia, X.; Wysocki, D. Evaluation of 1:5 soil to water extract electrical conductivity methods. Geoderma 2012, 185–186, 12–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonmez, J.S.; Buyuktas, D.; Okturen, F.; Citak, S. Assessment of different soil to water ratios (1:1, 1:2:5, 1:5) in soil salinity studies. Geoderma 2008, 144, 361–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Y.; DeSutter, T.; Hopkins, D.; Jia, X.; Wysocki, D. Predicting ECe of the saturated paste extract from value of EC1:5. Can. J. Soil Sci. 2013, 93, 585–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franzen, D. Managing Saline Soils in North Dakota; North Dakota State University Extension Service: Fargo, ND, USA, 2003; Available online: http://www.ag.ndsu.cdu/pubs/plantsci/soilfert/sf1087-1.html (accessed on 10 October 2006).
- Aboukila, E.F.; Norton, J.B. Estimation of saturated soil paste salinity from soil water extracts. Soil Sci. 2017, 182, 107–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chi, M.C.; Wang, Z.C. Characterizing salt affected soils of Songnen Plain using saturated paste and 1:5 soil to water extraction methods. Arid Land Res. Manag. 2010, 24, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slavich, P.G.; Petterson, G.H. Estimating the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts from 1:5 soil: water suspensions and texture. Aust. J. Soil Res. 1993, 31, 73–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozcan, H.; Ekinci, H.; Yigini, Y.; Yuksel, O. Comparison of four soil salinity extraction methods. In Proceedings of the 18th International Soil Meeting on “Soil Sustaining Life on Earth, Managing Soil and Technology”, Şanlıurfa, Turkey, 22–26 May 2006; pp. 697–703. [Google Scholar]
- Aboukila, E.F.; Abdelaty, E.F. Assessment of Saturated Soil Paste Salinity from 1:2.5 and 1:5 Soil-Water Extracts for Coarse Textured Soils. Alex. Sci. Exch. J. 2018, 38, 722–732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hogg, T.J.; Henry, J.L. Comparison of 1:1 and 1:2 suspensions and extracts with the saturation extracts in estimating salinity in Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci. 1984, 64, 699–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, H.; Schroder, J.L.; Pittman, J.J.; Wang, J.J.; Payton, M.E. Soil salinity using saturated paste and 1:1 soil to water extract. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2005, 69, 1146–1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visconti, F.; de Paz, J.M.; Rubio, J.L. What information does the electrical conductivity of soil water extracts of 1 and 5 ratio (w/v) provide for soil salinity assessment of agricultural irrigated lands? Geoderma 2010, 154, 387–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhoades, J.D. Soluble salts. In Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd ed.; Page, A.L., Ed.; Agronomy Monograph No 9; American Society of Agronomy, Inc.: Madison, WI, USA, 1982; Part 2; pp. 167–179. [Google Scholar]
- Kargas, G.; Chatzigiakoumis, I.; Kollias, A.; Spiliotis, D.; Kerkides, P. An Investigation of the Relationship between the Electrical Conductivity of the Soil Saturated Paste Extract ECe with the Respective Values of the Mass Soil/Water Ratios 1:1 and 1:5 (EC1:1 and EC1:5). Proceedings 2018, 2, 661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
References | Regression Equation |
---|---|
USDA (1954) [3] | ECe = 3 (EC1:1) f |
Khorsandi and Yazdi [4] | ECe = 7.94 (EC1:5) + 0.27 d ECe = 9.14 (EC1:5) − 15.72 e |
Sonmez et al. [8] | ECe = 2.03 (EC1:1) − 0.41 c ECe = 7.36 (EC1:5) − 0.24 c |
Frazen [10] | ECe = 2.96 (EC1:1) − 0.95 |
Αboukila and Norton [11] | ECe = 5.04 (EC1:5) + 0.37 c |
Chi and Wang [12] | ECe = 11.74 (EC1:5) − 6.15 ECe = 11.04 (EC1:5) − 2.41 ECe = 11.68 (EC1:5) − 5.77 |
Slavich and Petterson [13] | ECe = f (EC1:5) |
Ozkan et al. [14] | ECe = 1.93 (EC1:1) − 0.57 f ECe = 5.97 (EC1:5) − 1.17 f |
Aboukila and Abdelaty [15] Hong and Henry [16] Zhang et al. [17] Visconti et al. [18] | ECe = 7.46 (EC1:5) + 0.43 a ECe = 1.56 (EC1:1) − 0.06 f ECe = 1.79 (EC1:1) + 1.46 f ECe = 5.7 (EC1:5) − 0.2 |
This study | ECe = 1.83 (EC1:1) + 0.117 c ECe = 6.53 (EC1:5) − 0.108 c |
Range of EC (dS m−1) | ECe | EC1:1 | EC1:5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No of Samples | % of Samples | No of Samples | % of Samples | No of Samples | % of Samples | |
0–2 | 99 | 50 | 123 | 62.1 | 176 | 88.9 |
2–4 | 22 | 11.1 | 27 | 13.6 | 20 | 10.1 |
>4 | 77 | 38.9 | 48 | 24.3 | 2 | 1 |
Mean value | 4.89 | 2.61 | 0.76 | |||
median | 2.26 | 1.04 | 0.34 |
Statistic | K+ | Na+ | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Cl− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP | |||||
Mean | 2.82 | 27.63 | 29.7 | 21.18 | 24.8 |
Median | 1.04 | 12.21 | 21.9 | 15.41 | 14.5 |
Standard error | 0.47 | 5.02 | 2.65 | 2.36 | 2.92 |
Minimum | 0.05 | 1.47 | 1.55 | 1.20 | 2.00 |
Maximum | 33.30 | 90.43 | 74.05 | 132.90 | 101.60 |
1:1 | |||||
Mean | 1.80 | 18.80 | 18.83 | 11.21 | 14.69 |
Median | 0.70 | 7.17 | 12.32 | 7.41 | 7.00 |
Standard error | 0.27 | 3.55 | 1.82 | 1.13 | 2.56 |
Minimum | 0.02 | 1.41 | 1.50 | 0.65 | 1.00 |
Maximum | 17.69 | 78.41 | 46.70 | 64.58 | 44.60 |
1:5 | |||||
Mean | 0.68 | 4.53 | 5.48 | 2.82 | 3.65 |
Median | 0.34 | 2.04 | 3.62 | 1.83 | 2.25 |
Standard error | 0.08 | 0.768 | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.49 |
Minimum | 0.02 | 0.76 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.70 |
Maximum | 4.97 | 24.2 | 15.05 | 24.00 | 9.40 |
With Intercept | Without Intercept | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Regression Equation | R2 | Regression Equation | R2 |
EC | ECe = 1.83 (1:1) + 0.117 | 0.973 | ECe = 1.84 (1:1) | 0.97 |
Cl− | ECe = 1.97 (1:1) + 0.582 | 0.963 | ECe = 1.99 (1:1) | 0.962 |
K+ | ECe = 1.69 (1:1) − 0.272 | 0.967 | ECe = 1.64 (1:1) | 0.963 |
Na+ | ECe = 1.24 (1:1) + 2.44 | 0.884 | ECe = 1.26 (1:1) | 0.882 |
Ca2+ | ECe = 1.42 (1:1) + 3.86 | 0.890 | ECe = 1.52 (1:1) | 0.880 |
Mg2+ | ECe = 1.96 (1:1) − 0.948 | 0.894 | ECe = 1.92 (1:1) | 0.893 |
With Intercept | Without Intercept | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Regression Equation | R2 | Regression Equation | R2 |
EC | ECe = 6.53 (1:5) − 0.10 | 0.931 | ECe = 6.47 (1:5) | 0.931 |
Cl− | ECe = 8.53 (1:5) − 3.90 | 0.927 | ECe = 7.87 (1:5) | 0.918 |
K+ | ECe = 5.88 (1:5) − 1.03 | 0.948 | ECe = 5.29 (1:5) | 0.924 |
Na+ | ECe = 6.17 (1:5) − 0.82 | 0.939 | ECe = 6.12 (1:5) | 0.938 |
Ca2+ | ECe = 4.7 (1:5) + 4.33 | 0.824 | ECe = 5.10 (1:5) | 0.810 |
Mg2+ | ECe = 6.8 (1:5) + 1.61 | 0.860 | ECe = 7.04 (1:5) | 0.859 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kargas, G.; Chatzigiakoumis, I.; Kollias, A.; Spiliotis, D.; Massas, I.; Kerkides, P. Soil Salinity Assessment Using Saturated Paste and Mass Soil:Water 1:1 and 1:5 Ratios Extracts. Water 2018, 10, 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111589
Kargas G, Chatzigiakoumis I, Kollias A, Spiliotis D, Massas I, Kerkides P. Soil Salinity Assessment Using Saturated Paste and Mass Soil:Water 1:1 and 1:5 Ratios Extracts. Water. 2018; 10(11):1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111589
Chicago/Turabian StyleKargas, George, Iakovos Chatzigiakoumis, Athanasios Kollias, Dimitrios Spiliotis, Ioannis Massas, and Petros Kerkides. 2018. "Soil Salinity Assessment Using Saturated Paste and Mass Soil:Water 1:1 and 1:5 Ratios Extracts" Water 10, no. 11: 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111589