Biogeochemistry and Water–Rock Interactions of Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Southern Qinshui Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Settings
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Site and Collection
3.2. Analysis of Water Chemical Characteristics
3.3. Gene Extraction, PCR Amplicon, and Sequencing Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Geochemical Composition and Water–Rock Interaction
4.2. Formation of Sulfate Profile
4.3. Methanogenesis and Isotopic Composition
4.4. Microbial Communities Associated with the Methanogenesis and Sulfate Reduction
4.5. The Role of Authigenic Carbonate Precipitation
5. Conclusions
- The chemical compositions of the CBM co-produced water along flow paths were controlled by various degrees of mineral weathering such as silicate, gypsum, and sulphide, as well as exchange of Ca2+ and Mg2+ for Na+ (K+). Carbon and hydrogen isotopes of the dissolved methane combined with positive δ13CDIC values, hydrogen, and oxygen isotopes in the coal reservoir water strongly indicated the occurrence of methanogenesis.
- Sulfate reduction was the main reason for sulfate decrease, accompanied by hydraulic head change, as confirmed by 16S rRNA analysis, and sulfate was mostly consumed by anaerobic oxidation of methane in the study area. Due to the competition between sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens, methanogens tended to be more active at deeper hydraulic head in the coal reservoir water.
- There were significant differences in the abundance and distribution of methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria at different hydraulic heads. Most of the methanogens detected belonged to Methanobacteriales, representing a methanogenesis type of CO2 reduction.
- A large amount of DIC produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria strengthened dolomite and calcite precipitation, as shown by comparing the relative sizes of Ksp and IAP.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Well | Cl− (mg/L) | CO32− (mg/L) | HCO3 (mg/L) | Na+ (K+) (mg/L) | SO42− (mg/L) | Ca2+ (mg/L) | Mg2+ (mg/L) | δD (‰) | δ18O (‰) | δ13CDIC (‰) | H (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 54.17 | 19.22 | 573.56 | 262.56 | 0.00 | 2.02 | 0.61 | −80.25 | −11.42 | 27.60 | 527 |
2 | 157.50 | 21.49 | 536.81 | 321.92 | 1.50 | 2.20 | 0.60 | −70.16 | −10.23 | 20.23 | 604 |
3 | 112.194 | 31.20 | 656.55 | 335.91 | 0.28 | 1.73 | 0.94 | −74.53 | −10.88 | 26.87 | 609 |
4 | 220.88 | 60.01 | 905.50 | 528.13 | 0.33 | 2.00 | 1.00 | −74.68 | −10.69 | 19.34 | 667 |
5 | 193.57 | 33.62 | 873.77 | 479.78 | 3.40 | 2.37 | 0.86 | −75.48 | −11.12 | 16.00 | 685 |
6 | 201.75 | 21.60 | 490.58 | 337.27 | 5.04 | 2.74 | 0.89 | −74.80 | −11.12 | 0.75 | 689 |
7 | 182.50 | 30.83 | 312.71 | 257.12 | 9.10 | 3.20 | 1.10 | −80.94 | −11.66 | −15.46 | 697 |
8 | 78.11 | 46.10 | 396.52 | 240.93 | 12.60 | 2.40 | 2.90 | −83.38 | −11.79 | −17.74 | 709 |
9 | 329.92 | 40.47 | 426.32 | 404.42 | 11.90 | 4.10 | 0.24 | −88.06 | −11.96 | −14.43 | 710 |
10 | 94.31 | 17.60 | 466.81 | 257.83 | 13.90 | 3.80 | 4.40 | −82.83 | −11.22 | −12.45 | 716 |
11 | 167.27 | 72.01 | 827.39 | 476.41 | 1.05 | 1.54 | 2.51 | −72.58 | −10.95 | −10.37 | 724 |
12 | 52.04 | 31.10 | 986.02 | 422.94 | 13.60 | 4.21 | 2.20 | −89.35 | −12.67 | 725 | |
13 | 79.21 | 28.52 | 713.34 | 338.92 | 17.20 | 3.80 | 3.80 | −88.13 | −12.47 | 734 | |
14 | 230.11 | 19.00 | 735.43 | 440.51 | 12.60 | 3.80 | 3.50 | −90.26 | −12.59 | 735 | |
15 | 141.32 | 47.53 | 231.61 | 216.82 | 18.10 | 3.00 | 4.00 | −91.15 | −12.69 | 743 | |
16 | 155.31 | 28.02 | 282.82 | 236.32 | 18.90 | 2.30 | 2.93 | −93.14 | −12.87 | 749 | |
17 | 158.31 | 47.10 | 867.32 | 461.31 | 12.80 | 2.90 | 3.90 | −92.97 | −12.76 | 755 | |
a | 81.34 | 38.41 | 588.21 | 299.18 | 0.00 | 2.57 | 0.61 | −69.63 | −11.04 | 19.16 | 483 |
b | 55.99 | 60.03 | 378.31 | 223.59 | 0.43 | 1.23 | 1.66 | −69.29 | −10.53 | 19.38 | 511 |
c | 55.91 | 12.02 | 683.39 | 298.37 | 0.00 | 2.17 | 0.82 | −77.81 | −11.31 | 15.55 | 613 |
d | 144.41 | 39.45 | 1005.42 | 329.12 | 0.60 | 2.80 | 0.73 | −75.70 | −11.00 | 15.90 | 614 |
e | 109.75 | 33.61 | 746.85 | 374.55 | 0.31 | 2.27 | 1.27 | −84.93 | −11.30 | 11.82 | 670 |
f | 39.03 | 26.40 | 722.44 | 316.31 | 0.56 | 1.83 | 1.69 | −73.68 | −11.11 | 6.70 | 673 |
g | 81.77 | 40.81 | 690.72 | 341.93 | 0.30 | 2.06 | 0.72 | −76.17 | −11.16 | 13.75 | 676 |
h | 205.50 | 39.30 | 690.04 | 419.71 | 1.90 | 1.90 | 1.40 | −90.00 | −12.60 | 7.50 | 677 |
i | 80.24 | 24.02 | 368.54 | 208.94 | 7.62 | 1.92 | 1.54 | −68.14 | −10.79 | −13.04 | 701 |
j | 433.52 | 57.30 | 878.22 | 652.32 | 7.50 | 4.20 | 0.92 | −89.98 | −12.67 | −10.67 | 709 |
k | 88.61 | 32.13 | 609.63 | 312.62 | 10.40 | 2.30 | 3.50 | −87.06 | −12.35 | −11.52 | 740 |
l | 294.12 | 10.80 | 637.62 | 285.43 | 9.50 | 3.60 | 6.01 | −90.08 | −12.79 | −9.82 | 743 |
m | 112.71 | 68.75 | 540.60 | 325.22 | 7.90 | 2.90 | 3.50 | −80.60 | −12.70 | −14.50 | 750 |
n | 186.14 | 28.40 | 692.71 | 400.61 | 11.50 | 4.42 | 3.60 | −92.89 | −12.85 | 757 | |
o | 129.62 | 28.45 | 552.31 | 310.42 | 10.30 | 2.10 | 3.40 | −89.17 | −12.91 | 767 | |
p | 738.07 | 50.12 | 594.92 | 736.33 | 13.60 | 3.00 | 3.00 | −87.92 | −12.68 | 774 | |
q | 226.91 | 13.50 | 767.03 | 478.51 | 10.30 | 1.70 | 6.90 | −85.79 | −11.89 | 777 | |
r | 78.52 | 0.01 | 856.61 | 368.53 | 12.40 | 3.80 | 3.20 | −91.58 | −12.77 | 779 |
Samples | Reads | OTUs | Chao | Ace | Shannon | Simpson |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (bacteria) | 18,655 | 91 | 89 | 96 | 2.69 | 0.0990 |
3 (bacteria) | 18,753 | 104 | 98 | 106 | 2.75 | 0.0985 |
4 (bacteria) | 21,961 | 118 | 120 | 117 | 2.91 | 0.0852 |
11 (bacteria) | 22,252 | 130 | 136 | 135 | 3.07 | 0.0712 |
a (bacteria) | 18,127 | 82 | 84 | 90 | 2.62 | 0.1096 |
b (bacteria) | 18,367 | 87 | 86 | 91 | 2.67 | 0.0995 |
1 (archaea) | 24,123 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 1.13 | 0.4177 |
3 (archaea) | 23,979 | 32 | 35 | 34 | 1.10 | 0.4358 |
4 (archaea) | 21,980 | 30 | 32 | 33 | 1.04 | 0.4557 |
11 (archaea) | 19,576 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 0.99 | 0.4778 |
a (archaea) | 24,590 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 1.21 | 0.3877 |
b (archaea) | 24,482 | 37 | 39 | 38 | 1.17 | 0.3975 |
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Li, Y.; Tang, S.; Zhang, S.; Xi, Z.; Wang, P. Biogeochemistry and Water–Rock Interactions of Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Southern Qinshui Basin, China. Water 2020, 12, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010130
Li Y, Tang S, Zhang S, Xi Z, Wang P. Biogeochemistry and Water–Rock Interactions of Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Southern Qinshui Basin, China. Water. 2020; 12(1):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010130
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yang, Shuheng Tang, Songhang Zhang, Zhaodong Xi, and Pengfei Wang. 2020. "Biogeochemistry and Water–Rock Interactions of Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Southern Qinshui Basin, China" Water 12, no. 1: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010130