Phytoplankton Community Response to Nutrients, Temperatures, and a Heat Wave in Shallow Lakes: An Experimental Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup
2.2. Sampling and Analyses of Physical and Chemical Variables
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.3.1. Effects of Nutrients, Warming and Heat Wave
2.3.2. Stability Analyses
2.3.3. Phytoplankton Size Structure
3. Results
3.1. Initial Conditions
3.2. Phytoplankton Community Composition Throughout the Study
3.3. Nutrient Effects
3.4. Temperature Treatments: Before, during, and after the Heat Wave
3.5. Ecosystem Stability
3.6. Phytoplankton Size Structure
4. Discussion
4.1. Nutrient Effect
4.2. Effects of Warming, Nutrient and Temperature Interactions, and Heat Waves
4.3. Ecosystem Stability
4.4. Phytoplankton Size Structure
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LOW NUTRIENT (LN) | HIGH NUTRIENT (HN) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A0 | A2 | A2+ | A0 | A2 | A2+ | ||
Temp. (°C) | Before | 17.34 ± 0.16 | 19.79 ± 0.15 | 20.96 ± 0.15 | 17.26 ± 0.12 | 19.70 ± 0.12 | 20.86 ± 0.12 |
During | 20.05 ± 0.49 | 27.41 ± 0.49 | 28.68 ± 0.49 | 20.07 ± 0.49 | 27.05 ± 0.62 | 28.68 ± 0.49 | |
After | 18.13 ± 1.29 | 21.89 ± 1.30 | 23.70 ± 1.28 | 18.22 ± 1.27 | 21.99 ± 1.27 | 23.78 ± 1.27 | |
TP (mg/L) | 0.013 ± 0.002 | 0.009 ± 0.0003 | 0.014 ± 0.002 | 0.306 ± 0.06 | 0.570 ± 0.06 | 0.338 ± 0.06 | |
TN (mg/L) | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 2.83 ± 0.48 | 3.43 ± 0.37 | 2.13 ± 0.25 |
Total Phyto. | Chloro-Phyta | Bacillario-Phyta | Cyano-Bacteria | Crypto-Phyta | Chryso-Phyta | Dino-Phyta | TZoo./TPhyto. | RUE | Genus Richness | Genus Evenness | Size Diversity | Size Evenness | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BEFORE | HNA0vsLNA0 (Nutrient effect) | 0.003 (+) | <0.001(+) | <0.001 (+) | 0.001 (+) | ns | ns | ns | 0.02 (−) | ns | 0.08 (−) | ns | ns | ns |
LNA0vsLNA2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
LNA0vsLNA2+ | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.08 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
HNA0vsHNA2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
HNA0vsHNA2+ | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.02 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Nutrient*A2 | ns | NA | NA | NA | ns | NA | NA | ns | ns | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Nutrient*A2+ | ns | NA | NA | NA | 0.005 (+) | NA | NA | ns | ns | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
DURING | HNA0vsLNA0 (Nutrient effect) | 0.002 (+) | 0.01 (+) | <0.001 (+) | <0.001(+) | <0.001 (−) | 0.004 (+) | ns | 0.03 (−) | 0.03 (+) | <0.001 (−) | ns | ns | ns |
LNA0vsLNA2 | ns | ns | ns | 0.07 (+) | ns | 0.007 (+) | ns | ns | ns | 0.045 (−) | ns | ns | ns | |
LNA0vsLNA2+ | 0.02 (+) | 0.02 (+) | ns | 0.08 (+) | ns | 0.04 (+) | 0.06 (+) | 0.044 (−) | 0.02 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
HNA0vsHNA2 | ns | ns | ns | 0.07 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.08 (−) | |
HNA0vsHNA2+ | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | s | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.049 (−) | |
Nutrient*A2 | ns | ns | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.06 (−) | ns | ns | NA | NA | NA | 0.03 (−) | |
Nutrient*A2+ | ns | 0.02 (-) | NA | NA | NA | NA | ns | 0.03 (+) | 0.004 (−) | NA | NA | NA | 0.04 (−) | |
AFTER | HNA0vsLNA0 (Nutrient effect) | <0.001 (+) | 0.02 (+) | <0.001 (+) | <0.001(+) | ns | <0.001(+) | ns | 0.005 (−) | 0.02 (+) | 0.001 (−) | 0.06 (−) | ns | ns |
LNA0vsLNA2 | ns | ns | ns | 0.05 (+) | 0.04 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.002 (−) | ns | ns | ns | |
LNA0vsLNA2+ | 0.005 (+) | 0.03 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.02 (−) | 0.01 (+) | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
HNA0vsHNA2 | ns | ns | 0.02 (−) | ns | ns | ns | 0.08 (−) | ns | 0.004(−) | ns | ns | ns | 0.03 (−) | |
HNA0vsHNA2+ | ns | ns | 0.007 (−) | ns | ns | ns | ns | 0.003(+) | 0.04 (−) | ns | ns | ns | 0.01 (−) | |
Nutrient*A2 | ns | ns | ns | NA | 0.01 (−) | 0.04 (+) | 0.03 (−) | ns | 0.001(−) | NA | NA | NA | 0.07 (−) | |
Nutrient*A2+ | 0.02 (−) | <0.001 (−) | 0.004 (−) | NA | ns | Ns | ns | 0.001 (+) | <0.001(−) | NA | NA | NA | 0.02 (−) |
SC1 (<5 µm) | SC2 (5–20 µm) | SC3 (20–100 µm) | SC4 (>100 µm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | HN-A0vsHN-A2 | 0.01 (+) | ns | 0.06 (+) | 0.004 (+) |
HN-A0vsHN-A2+ | 0.03 (+) | ns | ns | ns | |
During | HN-A0vsHN-A2 | 0.008 (+) | ns | 0.04 (+) | 0.01 (+) |
HN-A0vsHN-A2+ | 0.007 (+) | ns | ns | 0.03 (+) | |
After | HN-A0vsHN-A2 | ns | 0.04 (+) | ns | ns |
HN-A0vsHN-A2+ | ns | ns | ns | 0.04 (+) |
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Filiz, N.; Işkın, U.; Beklioğlu, M.; Öğlü, B.; Cao, Y.; Davidson, T.A.; Søndergaard, M.; Lauridsen, T.L.; Jeppesen, E. Phytoplankton Community Response to Nutrients, Temperatures, and a Heat Wave in Shallow Lakes: An Experimental Approach. Water 2020, 12, 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123394
Filiz N, Işkın U, Beklioğlu M, Öğlü B, Cao Y, Davidson TA, Søndergaard M, Lauridsen TL, Jeppesen E. Phytoplankton Community Response to Nutrients, Temperatures, and a Heat Wave in Shallow Lakes: An Experimental Approach. Water. 2020; 12(12):3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123394
Chicago/Turabian StyleFiliz, Nur, Uğur Işkın, Meryem Beklioğlu, Burak Öğlü, Yu Cao, Thomas A. Davidson, Martin Søndergaard, Torben L. Lauridsen, and Erik Jeppesen. 2020. "Phytoplankton Community Response to Nutrients, Temperatures, and a Heat Wave in Shallow Lakes: An Experimental Approach" Water 12, no. 12: 3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123394