Characterizing Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Tomato-, Basil-, and Lettuce-Based Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Setup and Operation
2.2. Plant and Fish Materials
2.3. Water Parameter Measurements
2.4. Daily Nutrient Release Measurements
2.5. Plant/Fish Growth and Biomass Measurements
2.6. Anion and Cation Measurements
2.7. Total N and P Measurements
2.8. Experimental Design and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Daily Nutrient Input; Water Physical and Chemical Properties
3.2. Growth and Yield of Plant and Fish Crops
3.3. Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Recirculating Water
3.4. Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Plant Tissues
4. Discussion
4.1. Daily Nutrient Input; Water Physical and Chemical Properties
4.2. Growth and Yield of Plant and Fish Crops
4.3. Mg and/or Ca Deficiency in Aquaponics
4.4. N and P Accumulation in Aquaponics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
References
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Macronutrient | RO Water a (mg L−1) | Aquaponics | Hydroponics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daily Release Rate b (mg L−1) | Daily Replenishment Rate d (mg L−1 day−1) | Initial Concentration (mg L−1) | |||||
Tomato | Basil | Lettuce | Tomato | Basil/Lettuce | |||
NO3–N | 0.42 | 1.04 (1.6%) c | 9.29 | 5.00 | 4.52 | 178.7 | 161.4 |
NO2–N | – | 0.13 (0.2%) | 0.37 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 7.1 | 5.1 |
NH4–N | 0.02 | 0.40 (0.6%) | 1.15 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 22.2 | 14.1 |
PO4–P | 0.44 | 2.41 (25.7%) | 4.92 | 2.80 | 2.53 | 94.6 | 90.2 |
K | 0.34 | 0.82 (7.8%) | 8.41 | 5.59 | 5.05 | 161.7 | 180.3 |
SO4–S | 1.24 | 15.7 (35.3%) | 21.5 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 413.1 | 471.7 |
Ca | 2.45 | 0.20 (0.7%) | 5.39 | 3.53 | 3.19 | 103.7 | 113.9 |
Mg | 0.59 | 0.02 (0.9%) | 1.38 | 0.90 | 0.81 | 26.6 | 29.0 |
Na | 2.76 | 0.11 (0.4%) | – | – | – | – | – |
Cl | 2.30 | 0.50 (2.2%) | – | – | – | – | – |
EC (dS m−1) | 0.03 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||
pH | 7.3 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
Parameter | Aquaponics a | Hydroponics b | |
---|---|---|---|
Tomato | Basil/Lettuce | ||
Macronutrient (%) | |||
Total nitrogen (N) | >6.88 | 0.044 | 0.043 |
P2O5–P | >1.10 | 0.130 | 0.093 |
K2O–K | 0.99 | 0.034 | 0.035 |
SO4–S | 0.43 | – | – |
Ca | 2.25–2.75 | 0.075 | 0.075 |
Mg | 0.23 | 0.037 | 0.039 |
Micronutrient (mg kg−1) | |||
B | – | 2.75 | 2.00 |
Cu | 10 | 0.95 | 1.05 |
Fe | 40 | 10.00 | 21.00 |
Mn | 80 | 8.00 | 1.90 |
Mo | – | 0.40 | 0.42 |
Zn | 153 | 2.70 | 2.10 |
Crop | Production System | DO (mg L−1) | Water Temperature (°C) | pH | EC (dS m−1) | Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) | Fish Biomass Increment a (%) | pH Correction Solution (L) | Cumulative Water Use b (L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | Aquaponics | 7.2 b | 26.9 b | 6.9 a | 0.54 c | 1.3 | 39 a | 5.92 b | 466 |
Hydroponics | 9.4 a | 22.1 c | 5.8 b | 1.95 a | – | – | 0.50 c | 366 | |
Basil | Aquaponics | 7.1 b | 26.6 b | 6.7 a | 0.84 b | 1.5 | 33 a | 4.44 b | 418 |
Hydroponics | 9.3 a | 22.1 c | 5.8 b | 1.94 a | – | – | 0.36 c | 276 | |
Lettuce | Aquaponics | 7.1 b | 27.5 a | 6.8 a | 0.92 b | 1.8 | 27 b | 8.86 a | 437 |
Hydroponics | 9.3 a | 22.2 c | 5.8 b | 1.96 a | – | – | 0.40 c | 239 | |
ANOVA | |||||||||
System | *** | *** | *** | *** | – | – | – | * | |
Crop | * | *** | * | * | * | * | *** | ns | |
System × Crop | ns | *** | ** | * | – | – | – | ns |
Crop | Production System | Plant Height (cm) | Leaf Length (cm) | Leaf Number (plant−1) | SPAD | Time to Flowering (DAT) | Time to Harvest (DAT) | Fruit Number (plant−1) | Individual Fruit Fresh Mass (g fruit−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | Aquaponics | 87.2 b | 39.5 b | 21.0 c | 24.5 c | 27.5 b | 30.1 b | 61.4 | 19.2 |
Hydroponics | 103.7 a | 46.3 a | 21.6 c | 38.6 a | 29.4 a | 32.3 a | 51.4 | 21.8 | |
Basil | Aquaponics | 39.9 c | 11.4 d | 118.3 b | 23.2 c | – | – | – | – |
Hydroponics | 49.8 c | 12.9 d | 140.7 a | 31.7 b | – | – | – | – | |
Lettuce | Aquaponics | 16.3 d | 20.5 c | 16.7 c | 24.6 c | – | – | – | – |
Hydroponics | 18.1 d | 22.1 c | 18.1c | 25.7 c | – | – | – | – | |
ANOVA | |||||||||
System | ns | * | ns | *** | – | – | – | – | |
Crop | ** | *** | ns | *** | ** | ** | ns | ns | |
System × Crop | *** | *** | *** | *** | – | – | – | – |
Crop | Production System | Fresh Mass (g plant−1) | Dry Mass (g plant−1) | Root-to-Shoot Ratio a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Shoots | Roots | Fruits | Total | Shoots | Roots | Fruits | |||
Tomato | Aquaponics | 1318.5 b | 601.7 b | 316.9 a | 399.9 | 104.7 b | 66.2 b | 13.8 b | 24.8 | 0.18 ab |
Hydroponics | 2032.8 a | 1300.7 a | 337.0 a | 395.1 | 179.5 a | 130.8 a | 23.2 a | 25.5 | 0.17 ab | |
Basil | Aquaponics | 306.3 d | 213.9 de | 92.4 c | – | 29.8 d | 25.7 d | 4.1 d | – | 0.19 a |
Hydroponics | 545.9 c | 385.2 c | 160.7 b | – | 52.4 c | 46.6 c | 5.8 c | – | 0.15 b | |
Lettuce | Aquaponics | 181.0 d | 152.1 e | 29.0 d | – | 7.0 e | 5.8 e | 1.2 e | – | 0.21 a |
Hydroponics | 263.5 d | 228.3 d | 35.2 d | – | 9.3 e | 8.2 e | 1.1 e | – | 0.14 b | |
ANOVA | ||||||||||
System | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | |
Crop | *** | *** | *** | – | *** | *** | *** | – | ns | |
System × Crop | *** | *** | *** | – | *** | *** | *** | – | *** |
Harvest Time | System | Marketable Yield (g plant−1) | Root Fresh Mass (g plant−1) | Total Yield (g plant−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
First | Aquaponics | 89.7 c | 18.2 d | 107.9 c |
Hydroponics | 210.3 a | 31.2 b | 241.5 a | |
Second | Aquaponics | 97.1 c | 26.4 c | 123.5 c |
Hydroponics | 148.4 b | 26.1 c | 174.5 b | |
Third | Aquaponics | 177.3 b | 26.9 c | 204.2 b |
Hydroponics | 233.6 a | 37.0 a | 270.6 a | |
ANOVA | ||||
System | *** | *** | *** | |
Time | *** | *** | *** | |
System × Time | ns | ns | ns |
Crop | Production System | NO3–N | NO2–N | NH4–N | PO4–P | K | Ca | Mg | SO4–S | Na | Cl |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg L−1) | |||||||||||
Tomato | Aquaponics | 60.5 d | 0.8 a | 1.8 a | 30.1 c0 | 29.2 c | 12.1 d0 | 0.6 do | 218.1 b | 61.9 a | 0 c |
Hydroponics | 207.9 a | 0.07 b | 0.4 bc | 122.8 ab | 334.0 a | 141.9 b0 | 39.4 ab | 627.5 a | 8.6 b | 0 c | |
Basil | Aquaponics | 108.0 c | 0.9 a | 1.7 ab | 33.0 co | 82.3 b | 22.6 c0 | 1.9 co | 267.8 b | 76.7 a | 1.7 b |
Hydroponics | 193.8 a | 0.1 b | 0.3 bc | 107.4 b | 326.8 a | 145.8 ab | 40.5 a | 674.5 a | 14.0 b | 0 c | |
Lettuce | Aquaponics | 161.6 b | 0.8 a | 1.8 a | 27.1 c0 | 114.1 b | 20.4 c0 | 2.4 co | 235.8 b | 70.0 a | 11.2 a |
Hydroponics | 198.6 a | 0.05 b | 0.2 c | 125.5 a0 | 339.0 a | 148.8 a0 | 39.0 b | 727.8 a | 10.7 b | 0 c | |
ANOVA | |||||||||||
System | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Crop | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | ** | ns | ns | *** | |
System × Crop | *** | ns | ns | ** | ns | *** | *** | ns | ns | *** | |
Aquaponics | 110.0 b | 0.8 a | 1.8 a | 30.1 b | 75.2 b | 18.4 b | 1.6 b | 242.3 b | 69.5 a | 4.3 a | |
Hydroponics | 197.6 a | 0.1 b | 0.3 b | 118.6 a | 333.3 a | 145.5 a | 39.6 a | 676.6 a | 11.1 b | 0 b | |
Cherry Tomato | 134.2 b | 0.5 | 1.6 | 76.5 | 181.6 | 75.6 | 20.0 | 376.6 | 35.2 | 0 b | |
Basil | 150.9 ab | 0.5 | 1.6 | 70.2 | 204.5 | 81.5 | 20.4 | 403.4 | 45.3 | 0.9 b | |
Lettuce | 176.0 a | 0.4 | 1.6 | 76.3 | 226.6 | 83.2 | 20.3 | 399.8 | 40.4 | 5.6 a |
Total N | Total P | K | Ca | Mg | SO4–S | Na | Cl | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg g−1) | |||||||||
Tomato | Aquaponics | 25.7 c | 15.6 c | 60.6 | 4.6 b | 5.9 ab | 1.2 b | 8.9 a | 5.6 b |
Hydroponics | 33.0 b | 18.0 bc | 54.2 | 6.6 ab | 8.0 a | 6.1 b | 1.7 b | 2.5 c | |
Basil | Aquaponics | 30.2 bc | 19.8 b | 53.1 | 6.2 ab | 2.2 b | 11.0 b | 4.8 b | 2.6 c |
Hydroponics | 33.6 b | 19.9 b | 44.9 | 7.7 a | 4.1 ab | 38.2 a | 2.9 b | 3.2 bc | |
Lettuce | Aquaponics | 42.7 a | 21.2 b | 66.7 | 3.5 b | 2.0 b | 0 b | 11.8 a | 10.8 a |
Hydroponics | 45.3 a | 26.9 a | 69.3 | 3.4 b | 2.6 b | 0 b | 3.6 b | 1.3 c | |
ANOVA | |||||||||
System | * | ** | ns | ns | ns | ** | *** | *** | |
Crop | *** | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
System × Crop | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** | *** | |
Aquaponics | 31.1 b | 18.1 b | 59.5 | 4.9 b | 3.8 b | 6.9 b | 8.2 a | 5.7 a | |
Hydroponics | 36.4 a | 20.8 a | 54.5 | 6.2 a | 5.5 a | 23.8 a | 2.5 b | 2.4 b | |
Cherry Tomato | 29.3 b | 16.9 c | 57.4 ab | 5.6 a | 7.0 a | 9.9 b | 5.3 ab | 3.9 ab | |
Basil | 32.2 b | 19.8 b | 49.0 b | 6.9 a | 3.1 b | 33.7 a | 3.8 b | 2.9 b | |
Lettuce | 44.0 a | 24.6 a | 68.0 a | 3.4 b | 2.3 b | 0 b | 7.7 a | 6.1 a |
Treatment | Regression Coefficient | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Variables | Total N | Ca | Mg | SPAD |
Tomato | Total N | — | |||
Ca | 0.93 *** | — | |||
Mg | 0.86 *** | 0.93 *** | — | ||
SPAD | 0.82 *** | 0.78 ** | 0.65 * | — | |
Basil | Total N | — | |||
Ca | −0.19 ns | — | |||
Mg | 0.55 ns a | −0.04 ns | — | ||
SPAD | 0.80 ** | −0.54 ns | 0.48 ns a | — | |
Lettuce | Total N | — | |||
Ca | −0.22 ns | — | |||
Mg | −0.22 ns | 0.84 *** | — | ||
SPAD | 0.59 * | −0.51 ns | −0.31 ns | — |
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Yang, T.; Kim, H.-J. Characterizing Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Tomato-, Basil-, and Lettuce-Based Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems. Water 2020, 12, 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051259
Yang T, Kim H-J. Characterizing Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Tomato-, Basil-, and Lettuce-Based Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems. Water. 2020; 12(5):1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051259
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Teng, and Hye-Ji Kim. 2020. "Characterizing Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Tomato-, Basil-, and Lettuce-Based Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems" Water 12, no. 5: 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051259
APA StyleYang, T., & Kim, H. -J. (2020). Characterizing Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Tomato-, Basil-, and Lettuce-Based Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems. Water, 12(5), 1259. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051259