Effects of Waterlogging, Drought and Their Combination on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Five Hungarian Winter Wheat Varieties
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Plant Growth Conditions
2.3. Statistical Processing
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | Unit | Values |
---|---|---|
pH | - | 7.8 |
EC | dS·m−1 | 0.71 |
SO42− | mg·L−1 | 44 |
NH4+ | mg·L−1 | 0.30 |
COD | mg·L−1 | 0.24 |
Fe | mg·L−1 | 0.63 |
Appendix B
Assessment of Uncertainty | ||
---|---|---|
Measurement | Accuracy | Possibility of uncertainty |
Relative water content | Apparent dielectric permittivity: ±1 Ea from 1–40 cm, ±15% from 40–80 cmVWC: ±0.03 m3/m3 (±3% VWC) in mineral soils, ±0.01–0.02 m3/m3 (±1–2% VWC) in any porous medium | Small chance of error |
Plant development | Made exactly according to the instructions of Zadoks scale | To minimize errors, this measurement was taken by one person. |
Grain yield, biomass | Readability 0.1 g; accuracy 0.1 g | The measurements of these parameters were highly accurate. |
Number of the grains | Man-made | To minimize the uncertainty, counting was repeated two times by one person. |
Plant height | Made by a gauging-stick | Minor possibility of uncertainty |
Water use | Readability 5 g; accuracy 1 g ≤ x ≥ 5 g | Possibility of uncertainty between 1 and 5 grams |
Temperature of the cambers | For temperature measurements in the greenhouse chamber, sensors with accuracy of 0.1 °C were used. Temperature during the vegetation period was regulated by a standardized climatic program [28]. | The same climatic program was used for the phytotron studies. Minor possibility of uncertainty. |
Relative humidity | For the relative humidity measurements, sensors with accuracy of 1% were used. Temperature during the vegetation period was regulated by a standardized climatic program [28]. | The same climatic program was used for the phytotron studies. Minor possibility of uncertainty. |
Artificial illumination | Wavelength of the applied lamps covered PAR spectrum (380–720 nm). Artificial illumination was started at an intensity of 500 µmol·m−2·s−1 and was increased to 700 µmol·m−2·s−1 until the end of the vegetation. | The same climatic program was used for the phytotron studies. Minor possibility of uncertainty. |
CO2 concentration | CO2 sensor (TIM10) with an accuracy of 3% was installed in the chamber. When the measured value reached 450 ppm, the windows opened automatically. | Very reliable system, minor possibility of uncertainty. |
Adding of water-soluble fertilizer | Done with manual pipette (Pipet-Lite Pipette LTS L-20MLXLS, Mettler Toledo Ltd., Busapest, Hungary) Accuracy: ±0.6%/120 µL; Precision ±0.6%/32 µL | Minor possibility of uncertainty. |
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Biomass Value (g) | Treatments | HSD 5% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | WL | WL + D | |||
Genotypes | BKT | 80.92 Aa | 58.66 Ab | 48.54 Ab | 26.02 |
TOB | 41.72 Ca | 28.11 Cb | 22.52 Bb | 15.52 | |
MAM | 56.24 BCa | 47.54 ABa | 31.90 Bb | 19.38 | |
KAR | 63.22 Ba | 48.16 Ab | 32.61 Bc | 24.05 | |
PAL | 41.30 Ca | 33.63 BCab | 25.55 Bb | 12.38 | |
HSD 5% | 16.74 | 12.44 | 10.20 |
Thousand Kernel Weight (g) | Treatments | HSD 5% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | WL | WL + D | |||
Genotypes | BKT | 38.72 ABa | 41.13 ABa | 39.39 Aa | 1.95 |
TOB | 38.62 ABa | 37.30 BCa | 26.09 Ab | 10.81 | |
MAM | 45.68 Aa | 44.77 Aa | 41.21 Aa | 3.71 | |
KAR | 38.04 Ba | 36.77 BCa | 36.77 Aa | 2.65 | |
PAL | 34.19 Ba | 31.48 Ca | 27.48 Aa | 5.298 | |
HSD 5% | 4.21 | 5.06 | 7.51 |
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Farkas, Z.; Varga-László, E.; Anda, A.; Veisz, O.; Varga, B. Effects of Waterlogging, Drought and Their Combination on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Five Hungarian Winter Wheat Varieties. Water 2020, 12, 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051318
Farkas Z, Varga-László E, Anda A, Veisz O, Varga B. Effects of Waterlogging, Drought and Their Combination on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Five Hungarian Winter Wheat Varieties. Water. 2020; 12(5):1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051318
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarkas, Zsuzsanna, Emese Varga-László, Angéla Anda, Ottó Veisz, and Balázs Varga. 2020. "Effects of Waterlogging, Drought and Their Combination on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Five Hungarian Winter Wheat Varieties" Water 12, no. 5: 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051318
APA StyleFarkas, Z., Varga-László, E., Anda, A., Veisz, O., & Varga, B. (2020). Effects of Waterlogging, Drought and Their Combination on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Five Hungarian Winter Wheat Varieties. Water, 12(5), 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051318