Characterization of Aquifer Hydrochemistry from the Operation of a Shallow Geothermal System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Site Description
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling and Analysis
3.2. Hydrothermal Variation Monitoring
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Temperature Variation of the Aquifer
4.2. Field Measurements and Hydrochemical Composition
4.3. Source of the Solute and Mixing
4.4. Mixing Ratio (Cl, Na, and Sr)
4.5. Variation of Saturation Index with Increasing Temperature
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GWHP | Groundwater Heat Pump |
GSHP | Ground Source Heat Pump |
ATES | Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage |
BHE | Borehole Heat Exchanger |
LSI | Langelier Saturation Index |
RSI | Ryznar Stability Index |
Appendix A
Site | Altitude (MASL) | Depth to Water (m) | Groundwater Level (m) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
January 2019 | February 2019 | June 2019 | January 2019 | February 2019 | June 2019 | ||
SP | 46 | 5.52 | 15.2 | 5.58 | 40.48 | 30.8 | 40.42 |
KH | 49 | 6.04 | 2.58 | 42.96 | 46.42 | ||
KD | 53 | 2.26 | - | 50.74 | - | ||
JJ | 48 | 5.24 | 5.64 | 42.76 | 42.36 | ||
BS | 46 | 3.11 | 3.43 | 42.89 | 42.57 | ||
SW | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 45 |
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Condition | ID | Depth | pH | EC | DO | Ca | Mg | Na | K | SiO2 | Sr | Fe | Mn | HCO3 | F | Cl | Br | NO3 | SO4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | S/cm | mg/L | (mg/L) | (g/L) | mg/L | ||||||||||||||
Before heating operation January 2019 | SW1 | - | 7.97 | 317 | 12.5 | 28.8 | 5.03 | 18.5 | 4.90 | 5.95 | 224 | BDL * | BDL | 75.9 | 0.40 | 17.8 | 0.98 | 7.86 | 36.8 |
SP1-1 | 30 | 6.40 | 395 | 9.06 | 33.6 | 3.66 | 30.7 | 2.24 | 14.4 | 314 | 4.46 | 2.56 | 85.5 | 0.26 | 73.7 | 0.19 | 10.2 | 11.4 | |
SP1-2 | 60 | 6.92 | 344 | 4.10 | 38.6 | 2.32 | 21.4 | 1.24 | 13.7 | 183 | 1.74 | 2.33 | 107 | 0.92 | 41.2 | 0.58 | 8.57 | 9.44 | |
SP1-3 | 90 | 7.64 | 279 | 3.72 | 38.9 | 1.00 | 16.5 | 0.74 | 12.0 | 111 | 3.38 | 1.29 | 124 | 1.09 | 15.6 | 0.86 | 6.79 | 7.51 | |
SP1-4 | 120 | 7.52 | 359 | 6.95 | 50.0 | 1.62 | 19.8 | 1.21 | 12.0 | 164 | 0.83 | 3.63 | 132 | 0.85 | 28.2 | 0.68 | 7.74 | 10.4 | |
SP1-5 | 150 | 7.40 | 412 | 7.95 | 60.7 | 2.36 | 21.9 | 1.85 | 12.4 | 220 | 2.21 | 15.4 | 187 | 0.86 | 40.2 | 0.41 | 7.06 | 10.5 | |
KH1-1 | 30 | 7.19 | 306 | 5.91 | 37.8 | 2.61 | 13.9 | 1.11 | 10.9 | 115 | BDL | BDL | 114 | 0.84 | 13.9 | 0.92 | 1.75 | 10.1 | |
KH1-2 | 60 | 7.23 | 302 | 3.61 | 37.1 | 2.59 | 13.6 | 1.15 | 10.2 | 115 | BDL | BDL | 67.9 | 1.34 | 29.8 | 1.98 | 3.05 | 22.8 | |
KH1-3 | 120 | 7.42 | 305 | 2.58 | 37.9 | 2.63 | 13.9 | 1.13 | 11.9 | 118 | BDL | BDL | 114 | 0.91 | 14.3 | 0.90 | 2.20 | 10.2 | |
KD1 | - | 7.65 | 281 | 20.4 | 34.7 | 2.08 | 10.0 | 0.89 | 11.8 | 157 | BDL | BDL | 133 | 0.69 | 6.07 | 0.07 | 5.04 | 22.0 | |
JJ1-1 | 30 | 7.48 | 359 | 4.50 | 39.4 | 2.79 | 16.0 | 1.15 | 11.7 | 180 | 75.6 | 34.2 | 115 | 1.00 | 21.2 | 0.05 | 5.50 | 7.19 | |
JJ1-2 | 60 | 7.34 | 325 | 4.53 | 36.5 | 2.85 | 16.4 | 1.27 | 10.6 | 175 | 191 | 43.1 | 141 | 0.92 | 21.2 | 0.04 | 4.90 | 6.45 | |
JJ1-3 | 120 | 7.22 | 320 | 4.00 | 39.0 | 2.86 | 16.3 | 1.28 | 11.8 | 186 | 202 | 47.1 | 141 | 0.93 | 21.0 | 0.05 | 5.48 | 7.20 | |
BS1 | 60 | 8.10 | 190 | 6.59 | 22.4 | 0.67 | 9.72 | 1.31 | 8.23 | 127 | 39.9 | 20.0 | 82.7 | 0.77 | 8.99 | ND ** | 2.39 | 4.98 | |
Heating operation February 2019 | SW2 | - | 8.21 | 500 | 12.5 | 28.1 | 5.07 | 18.4 | 4.88 | 7.43 | 223 | BDL | BDL | 97.1 | 0.17 | 36.0 | 0.03 | 13.4 | 9.45 |
SP2-1 | 60 | 6.77 | 355 | 8.76 | 30.7 | 3.30 | 21.4 | 1.85 | 13.2 | 251 | 14.9 | 3.55 | 42.4 | 0.23 | 56.2 | 0.30 | 9.64 | 11.2 | |
SP2-2 | 90 | 6.60 | 352 | 8.75 | 35.8 | 3.71 | 23.7 | 1.96 | 14.9 | 288 | BDL | BDL | 86.6 | 0.23 | 55.5 | 0.30 | 9.55 | 11.1 | |
SP2-3 | 120 | 6.46 | 380 | 8.97 | 35.8 | 3.67 | 22.7 | 1.94 | 14.6 | 292 | BDL | BDL | 88.2 | 0.31 | 55.2 | 0.31 | 9.52 | 11.1 | |
Before cooling operation June 2019 | SW3 | - | 7.63 | 310 | 9.32 | 27.5 | 4.79 | 21.3 | 5.99 | 6.47 | 200 | BDL | BDL | 92.6 | 0.38 | 34.5 | BDL | 9.78 | 14.7 |
SP3-1 | 30 | 6.29 | 376 | 3.98 | 37.2 | 3.24 | 29.5 | 1.80 | 14.7 | 260 | BDL | BDL | 75.9 | 0.43 | 57.6 | 0.34 | 9.73 | 14.7 | |
SP3-2 | 60 | 6.32 | 369 | 3.77 | 38.9 | 3.02 | 27.5 | 1.67 | 14.6 | 240 | BDL | BDL | 94.2 | 0.54 | 51.6 | 0.38 | 9.25 | 14.4 | |
SP3-3 | 90 | 6.52 | 343 | 2.64 | 40.3 | 2.24 | 23.7 | 1.34 | 13.4 | 190 | BDL | BDL | 110 | 0.84 | 38.0 | 0.48 | 8.19 | 13.5 | |
SP3-4 | 120 | 6.80 | 313 | 2.39 | 41.6 | 1.52 | 20.1 | 1.01 | 12.3 | 150 | BDL | BDL | 123 | 1.08 | 23.4 | 0.58 | 7.77 | 12.5 | |
SP3-5 | 150 | 5.44 | 328 | 1.79 | 40.3 | 1.21 | 19.3 | 0.85 | 11.7 | 130 | 310 | BDL | 118 | 2.61 | 16.2 | 0.60 | 3.55 | 18.7 | |
KH3-1 | 30 | 7.14 | 267 | 5.69 | 34.2 | 2.37 | 14.1 | 0.98 | 15.8 | 110 | BDL | BDL | 97.9 | 0.84 | 14.6 | 0.77 | 6.71 | 13.3 | |
KH3-2 | 60 | 6.80 | 285 | 3.94 | 33.5 | 2.47 | 15.2 | 1.09 | 15.1 | 110 | BDL | BDL | 120 | 0.41 | 7.25 | 0.38 | 3.32 | 6.58 | |
KH3-3 | 120 | 6.99 | 269 | 6.72 | 36.2 | 2.34 | 15.1 | 1.10 | 15.7 | 110 | BDL | BDL | 139 | 0.17 | 2.94 | 0.18 | 1.11 | 2.66 | |
KD3 | 7.81 | 278 | 0.30 | 41.6 | 2.44 | 13.6 | 1.08 | 12.1 | 180 | BDL | BDL | 135 | 0.61 | 15.9 | BDL | 0.01 | 8.20 | ||
JJ3-1 | 30 | 7.44 | 331 | 3.90 | 41.5 | 1.87 | 15.6 | 1.08 | 13.2 | 180 | BDL | BDL | 131 | 1.13 | 14.2 | BDL | 5.28 | 11.0 | |
JJ3-2 | 60 | 7.49 | 292 | 4.33 | 43.4 | 1.89 | 16.2 | 1.08 | 13.3 | 180 | BDL | BDL | 139 | 1.15 | 14.3 | BDL | 5.30 | 11.3 | |
JJ3-3 | 120 | 7.51 | 329 | 3.13 | 42.2 | 1.91 | 16.6 | 1.09 | 13.2 | 180 | BDL | BDL | 142 | 1.17 | 14.3 | BDL | 5.28 | 11.3 | |
BS3 | 60 | 8.03 | 213 | 5.22 | 29.5 | 0.86 | 11.5 | 0.69 | 12.7 | 160 | BDL | BDL | 95.2 | 1.06 | 10.5 | BDL | 3.83 | 7.87 |
End Member (EM) Mixing | Mixing Indicator | Mixing Ratio | Period | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EM 1 | EM 2 | Target Site | EM 1 | EM 2 | |||
Scenario 1 | SP1-1 | KH1-2 | SP1-2 | Before heating operation | |||
Shallow GW | 73.7 | 13.9 | 41.2 | Cl (mg/L) | 45.7 | 54.3 | |
mixing at | 0.715785 | 0.716644 | 0.716070 | Sr/Sr | 34.2 | 65.8 | |
60 m | 0.314231 | 0.115052 | 0.183277 | Sr (mg/L) | |||
Scenario 2 | SP1-1 | KH1-3 | SP1-4 | ||||
Deep GW | 73.7 | 14.3 | 28.2 | Cl (mg/L) | 23.4 | 76.6 | |
mixing at | 0.715785 | 0.716661 | 0.716288 | Sr/Sr | 23.3 | 76.7 | |
120 m | 0.314231 | 0.117828 | 0.163594 | Sr (mg/L) | |||
Scenario 3 | SP2-1 | SP2-3 | SP2-2 | During heating operation | |||
Vertical mixing | 56.2 | 55.2 | 55.5 | Cl (mg/L) | 30.0 | 70.0 | |
0.715884 | 0.715899 | 0.715889 | Sr/Sr | 10.2 | 89.8 | ||
0.251343 | 0.291917 | 0.287779 | Sr (mg/L) | ||||
Scenario 4 | SP3-1 | KH3-2 | SP3-2 | Cl (mg/L) | 88.1 | 11.9 | Before cooling operation |
Mixing at 60 m | 57.6 | 7.25 | 51.6 | ||||
Scenario 5 | SP3-1 | KH3-3 | SP3-4 | Cl (mg/L) | 37.4 | 62.6 | |
Mixing at 120 m | 57.6 | 2.94 | 23.4 |
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Choi, H.; Kim, J.; Shim, B.O.; Kim, D.-h. Characterization of Aquifer Hydrochemistry from the Operation of a Shallow Geothermal System. Water 2020, 12, 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051377
Choi H, Kim J, Shim BO, Kim D-h. Characterization of Aquifer Hydrochemistry from the Operation of a Shallow Geothermal System. Water. 2020; 12(5):1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051377
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Hanna, Jaeyeon Kim, Byoung Ohan Shim, and Dong-hun Kim. 2020. "Characterization of Aquifer Hydrochemistry from the Operation of a Shallow Geothermal System" Water 12, no. 5: 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051377