Fate of Diclofenac and Its Transformation and Inorganic By-Products in Different Water Matrices during Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Water Matrices
2.3. Experimental Setup and Sampling
2.4. Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Removal of Diclofenac
3.2. Formation and Fate of Transformation Products
3.3. Inorganic By-Product Formation
3.4. Recommended Operating Conditions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Deionized Water | Hard Drinking Water | Wastewater Effluent |
---|---|---|---|---|
chloride | mg/L | n.d. | 250 | 180 ± 10 |
bromide | mg/L | n.d. | 1.0 | <0.5 |
nitrate | mg/L | n.d. | 50.0 | 48.5 |
sulfate | mg/L | n.d. | 200 | 45.4 |
iodide | mg/L | n.d. | 0.1 | n.d. |
DOC | mmol/L | n.d. | 3.6 | 12.0 |
pH | - | 5.5 | 8.9 | 8.0 |
el. conductivity | µS/cm | 0.06 | 1230 | 1170 |
Deionized Water | Drinking Water | Wastewater Effluent | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
j | Q/V | Br− | Cl− | ClO3− | ClO4− | Q/V | Br− | Cl− | ClO3− | ClO4− | Q/V | Br− | Cl− | ClO3− | ClO4− | ||
(mA/cm2) | (mAh/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mAh/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mAh/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | ||
42 | 0 | 0.989 | 233 | <0.5 | <1 | 0 | <0.5 | 186 | <0.5 | <1 | |||||||
14.6 | 0.898 | 219 | 0.709 | <1 | 29.9 | <0.5 | 184 | 0.913 | <1 | ||||||||
29.9 | 0.841 | 215 | 1.12 | 1.26 | 95.3 | <0.5 | 176 | 2.61 | 2.34 | ||||||||
195 | 0.406 | 214 | 8.63 | 8.15 | 199 | <0.5 | 175 | 5.95 | 4.96 | ||||||||
167 | 0 | 1.05 | 234 | <0.5 | <1 | 0 | <0.5 | 186 | <0.5 | <1 | |||||||
58.8 | 0.911 | 219 | 0.987 | 2.35 | 121 | <0.5 | 176 | 1.25 | 2.50 | ||||||||
120 | 0.825 | 221 | 1.79 | 4.59 | 380 | <0.5 | 170 | 4.07 | 8.18 | ||||||||
375 | 0.616 | 218 | 5.55 | 17.7 | 791 | <0.5 | 167 | 9.40 | 19.6 | ||||||||
292 | 0 | <0.05 | 0.096 | <0.05 | <0.1 | 0 | 1.06 | 239 | <0.5 | <1 | 0 | <0.5 | 186 | <0.5 | <1 | ||
101 | <0.05 | 0.794 | <0.05 | 0.115 | 102 | 0.818 | 222 | 1.08 | 4.07 | 214 | <0.5 | 185 | 1.82 | 4.55 | |||
207 | <0.05 | 1.50 | <0.05 | 0.218 | 208 | 0.703 | 222 | 1.86 | 11.7 | 674 | <0.5 | 177 | 5.59 | 16.9 | |||
644 | <0.05 | 3.10 | 0.108 | 0.921 | 637 | 0.541 | 215 | 6.55 | 26.3 | 1403 | <0.5 | 169 | 11.9 | 30.0 |
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Heim, C.; Rajab, M.; Greco, G.; Grosse, S.; Drewes, J.E.; Letzel, T.; Helmreich, B. Fate of Diclofenac and Its Transformation and Inorganic By-Products in Different Water Matrices during Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Water 2020, 12, 1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061686
Heim C, Rajab M, Greco G, Grosse S, Drewes JE, Letzel T, Helmreich B. Fate of Diclofenac and Its Transformation and Inorganic By-Products in Different Water Matrices during Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Water. 2020; 12(6):1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061686
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeim, Carolin, Mohamad Rajab, Giorgia Greco, Sylvia Grosse, Jörg E. Drewes, Thomas Letzel, and Brigitte Helmreich. 2020. "Fate of Diclofenac and Its Transformation and Inorganic By-Products in Different Water Matrices during Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode" Water 12, no. 6: 1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061686
APA StyleHeim, C., Rajab, M., Greco, G., Grosse, S., Drewes, J. E., Letzel, T., & Helmreich, B. (2020). Fate of Diclofenac and Its Transformation and Inorganic By-Products in Different Water Matrices during Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Water, 12(6), 1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061686