Exergy Optimization of a Solar Collector in Flat Plate Shape Equipped with Elliptical Pipes Filled with Turbulent Nanofluid Flow: A Study for Thermal Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Physical Model
2.2. Conservation Equations
2.3. First Law Modeling
2.4. Second Law Modeling
2.5. Nanofluid
2.6. Verification and Grid Independence
3. Results
3.1. Energy and Exergy Analysis
3.2. Using a Nanofluid and Exergetic Optimization
4. Conclusions
- An increase in solar radiation flux and optical efficiency entails an exergy efficiency increase for all conditions.
- The exergy efficacy diminishes as ambient temperature increases, but by increasing the FPSC inlet fluid temperature, the exergy efficacy rises to a certain temperature and then declines.
- With the use of an NF, the exergy efficiency always intensifies with a boost of inlet temperature.
- For higher mass flow rates of the base fluid, the efficiency first slightly declines and then remains unchanged. However, by using an NF, the maximum exergy efficiency occurs with the highest mass flow rate.
- Generally, using elliptical tubes and an NF enhances the exergy efficiency. In fact, while the trend of exergy efficiency variation with effective parameters is increasing, applying the elliptical tubes causes the efficiency to increase.
- The temperature increase entails an exergy efficiency increase to a certain point, and then this efficiency is diminished for higher values.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | area (m2) |
cp | specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1) |
Ė | rate of exergy (W) |
hw | wind convection coefficient (W m−2) |
I | solar intensity (W m−2) |
Ib | beam radiation (W m−2) |
Id | diffuse radiation (W m−2) |
IT | daily average hourly (W m−2) |
Iv | spectral radiation intensity (W m−2) |
K | thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1) |
M | mass flow rate (kg s−1) |
N | number of glass covers |
P | pressure (Pa) |
Ppump | pumping power (W) |
S | section of solar radiation (W m−2) |
T | temperature (K) |
Ta | ambient temperature (K) |
Tpm | mean temperature of absorber plate |
U | velocity (m s−1) |
u’ | fluctuated velocity (m s−1) |
U | total loss coefficient (W m−2 K−1) |
Vw | wind speed (m s−1) |
Greek symbol | |
α | absorption coefficient |
ε | emission coefficient or dissipation |
η | Efficiency |
η0 | optical efficiency of collector |
µ | viscosity (kg m−1 s−1) |
μt | turbulent viscosity (kg m−1 s−1) |
ρ | density (kg m−3) |
σ | Stefan–Boltzmann constant (W m−2 K−4) |
φ | latitude angle |
Ω | hour angle |
Subscripts | |
a | ambient |
c | collector |
f | fluid |
in | inlet |
out | outlet |
p | absorbent plate |
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Properties | Symbol | Quantity |
---|---|---|
Dimensions of FPSC | Lc × Wc (mm) | 200 × 92.5 |
Slop of FPSC | β | 35° |
Number of glass covers | N | 1 |
Emissivity of glass covers | εg | 0.85 |
Thickness of plate | δp (mm) | 0.1 |
Emissivity of plate | εp | 0.9 |
Conductivity of plate | kp (W·m−1·K−1) | 211 |
Optical efficiency | η0 | 0.68 |
Thickness of insulators | δi (mm) | 2.0 |
Conductivity of insulators | ki (W·m−1·K−1) | 0.05 |
Time | IT (W·m−2) | Ta (°C) | Tin (°C) | Vw (m·s−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
09:00 | 560 | 33 | 44.5 | 6 |
09:30 | 630 | 33 | 45 | 6 |
10:00 | 750 | 34 | 46 | 5 |
10:30 | 830 | 35 | 47 | 6 |
11:00 | 925 | 36 | 50 | 6 |
11:30 | 992 | 37 | 51 | 5 |
12:00 | 1006 | 38 | 53 | 5 |
12:30 | 1020 | 38.5 | 54 | 6 |
13:00 | 978 | 40.5 | 56 | 6 |
13:30 | 914 | 40.5 | 57 | 5 |
14:00 | 834 | 41 | 60 | 5 |
14:30 | 780 | 41 | 61 | 4 |
15:00 | 734 | 39.5 | 62 | 5 |
15:30 | 626 | 41 | 63 | 6 |
16:00 | 607 | 41 | 64 | 6 |
Nodes | Tout (°C) | Error (%) |
---|---|---|
3,243,983 | 66.6782 | 2.22 |
3,599,007 | 70.5134 | 1.05 |
3,728,623 | 70.7811 | 0.02 |
3,954,131 | 70.7834 | - |
Time | UL (W/m2·K) | Tpm (°C) | Tout (°C) | η (%) | ψ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
09:00 | 7.33 | 48.11 | 58.59 | 54.29 | 3.34 |
09:30 | 7.37 | 49.06 | 59.61 | 57.48 | 3.53 |
10:00 | 7.32 | 51.32 | 61.04 | 57.78 | 3.95 |
10:30 | 7.49 | 52.41 | 62.61 | 64.40 | 4.21 |
11:00 | 7.56 | 54.25 | 65.82 | 63.00 | 4.35 |
11:30 | 7.52 | 57.07 | 67.07 | 63.68 | 4.58 |
12:00 | 7.56 | 58.42 | 69.23 | 61.91 | 4.60 |
12:30 | 7.77 | 59.31 | 70.26 | 61.54 | 4.55 |
13:00 | 7.76 | 60.46 | 72.04 | 61.48 | 4.54 |
13:30 | 7.40 | 60.57 | 72.61 | 60.16 | 4.68 |
14:00 | 7.73 | 63.22 | 75.13 | 58.64 | 4.67 |
14:30 | 7.55 | 63.47 | 75.77 | 57.57 | 4.56 |
15:00 | 7.77 | 63.89 | 76.41 | 56.91 | 4.41 |
15:30 | 7.94 | 64.09 | 76.91 | 56.28 | 4.21 |
16:00 | 7.97 | 65.11 | 77.82 | 55.62 | 4.15 |
Time | UL (W/m2·K) | Tpm (°C) | Tout (°C) | η (%) | ψ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
09:00 | 7.15 | 47.08 | 53.23 | 64.04 | 6.34 |
09:30 | 7.21 | 48.02 | 54.24 | 67.83 | 6.88 |
10:00 | 7.08 | 50.27 | 55.51 | 68.18 | 7.77 |
10:30 | 7.25 | 51.33 | 57.49 | 75.98 | 8.34 |
11:00 | 7.32 | 53.21 | 59.61 | 74.34 | 8.71 |
11:30 | 7.35 | 56.00 | 62.29 | 76.44 | 9.21 |
12:00 | 7.34 | 57.32 | 63.71 | 74.28 | 9.98 |
12:30 | 7.51 | 58.14 | 64.40 | 73.81 | 8.75 |
13:00 | 7.56 | 59.32 | 65.87 | 73.78 | 8.62 |
13:30 | 7.30 | 59.52 | 66.01 | 72.78 | 8.93 |
14:00 | 7.60 | 62.13 | 68.82 | 69.14 | 8.87 |
14:30 | 7.38 | 62.42 | 68.99 | 69.08 | 8.81 |
15:00 | 7.59 | 62.64 | 69.11 | 66.58 | 8.51 |
15:30 | 7.67 | 63.01 | 69.25 | 65.84 | 8.01 |
16:00 | 7.69 | 64.12 | 69.34 | 65.63 | 7.88 |
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Rostami, S.; Sepehrirad, M.; Dezfulizadeh, A.; Hussein, A.K.; Shahsavar Goldanlou, A.; Shadloo, M.S. Exergy Optimization of a Solar Collector in Flat Plate Shape Equipped with Elliptical Pipes Filled with Turbulent Nanofluid Flow: A Study for Thermal Management. Water 2020, 12, 2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082294
Rostami S, Sepehrirad M, Dezfulizadeh A, Hussein AK, Shahsavar Goldanlou A, Shadloo MS. Exergy Optimization of a Solar Collector in Flat Plate Shape Equipped with Elliptical Pipes Filled with Turbulent Nanofluid Flow: A Study for Thermal Management. Water. 2020; 12(8):2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082294
Chicago/Turabian StyleRostami, Sara, Mohammad Sepehrirad, Amin Dezfulizadeh, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Aysan Shahsavar Goldanlou, and Mostafa Safdari Shadloo. 2020. "Exergy Optimization of a Solar Collector in Flat Plate Shape Equipped with Elliptical Pipes Filled with Turbulent Nanofluid Flow: A Study for Thermal Management" Water 12, no. 8: 2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082294