Assessing Soil Loss by Water Erosion in a Typical Mediterranean Ecosystem of Northern Greece under Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Loss Modeling and Datasets
2.2.1. Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
2.2.2. Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
2.2.3. Topographic Factor (LS)
2.2.4. Cover Management Factor (C)
2.2.5. Support Practice Factor (P)
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Stefanidis, P.; Stefanidis, S.; Tziaftani, F. The threat of alluviation of lakes resulting from torrents (case study: Lake Volvi, north Greece). Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan. 2011, 6, 325–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guerra, C.A.; Maes, J.; Geijzendorffer, I.; Metzger, M.J. An assessment of soil erosion prevention by vegetation in Mediterranean Europe: Current trends of ecosystem service provision. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 60, 213–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olson, K.R.; Al-Kaisi, M.; Lal, R.; Cihacek, L. Impact of soil erosion on soil organic carbon stocks. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2016, 71, 61A–67A. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Panagos, P.; Standardi, G.; Borrelli, P.; Lugato, E.; Montanarella, L.; Bosello, F. Cost of agricultural productivity loss due to soil erosion in the European Union: From direct cost evaluation approaches to the use of macroeconomic models. Land Degrad. Dev. 2018, 29, 471–484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orgiazzi, A.; Panagos, P. Soil biodiversity and soil erosion: It is time to get married: Adding an earthworm factor to soil erosion modelling. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2018, 27, 1155–1167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, N. The European union’s environmental agenda. Environ. Politics 1999, 8, 188–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EC. Proposal for a Establishing a Framework for the Protection of Soil and Amending. Directive 2004/35/EC COM, 232. 2006. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uricelex:52006PC0232 (accessed on 15 March 2021).
- Keesstra, S.D.; Bouma, J.; Wallinga, J.; Tittonell, P.; Smith, P.; Cerdà, A.; Montanarella, L.; Quinton, J.N.; Pachepsky, Y.; van der Putten, W.H. The significance of soils and soil science towards realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Soil 2016, 2, 111–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mallinis, G.; Gitas, I.Z.; Tasionas, G.; Maris, F. Multitemporal monitoring of land degradation risk Due to soil loss in a fire-prone Mediterranean landscape using multi-decadal Landsat imagery. Water Resour. Manag. 2016, 30, 1255–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagos, P.; Borrelli, P.; Meusburger, K. A New European Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS-Factor) for Modeling Soil Erosion by Water. Geosciences 2015, 5, 117–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ballabio, C.; Borrelli, P.; Spinoni, J.; Meusburger, K.; Michaelides, S.; Begueria, S.; Klik, A.; Petan, S.; Janecek, M.; Olsen, P.; et al. Mapping monthly rainfall erosivity in Europe. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 1298–1315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grillakis, M.G.; Polykretis, C.; Alexakis, D.D. Past and projected climate change impacts on rainfall erosivity: Advancing our knowledge for the eastern Mediterranean island of Crete. Catena 2020, 193, 104625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bezak, N.; Borrelli, P.; Panagos, P. A first assessment of rainfall erosivity synchrony scale at pan-European scale. Catena 2021, 198, 105060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Efthimiou, N. The new assessment of soil erodibility in Greece. Soil Tillage Res. 2020, 204, 104720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Casasnovas, J.A.; Concepcion Ramos, M. Soil alteration due to erosion, ploughing and levelling of vineyards in north east Spain. Soil Use Manag. 2009, 25, 183–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- García-Orenes, F.; Roldán, A.; Mataix-Solera, J.; Cerdà, A.; Campoy, M.; Arcenegui, V.; Caravaca, F. Soil structural stability and erosion rates influenced by agricultural management practices in a semi-arid Mediterranean agro-ecosystem. Soil Use Manag. 2012, 28, 571–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borrelli, P.; Robinson, D.A.; Fleischer, L.R.; Lugato, E.; Ballabio, C.; Alewell, C.; Meusburger, K.; Modugno, S.; Schütt, B.; Ferro, V.; et al. An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1–3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kairis, O.; Karavitis, C.; Salvati, L.; Kounalaki, A.; Kosmas, K. Exploring the impact of overgrazing on soil erosion and land degradation in a dry Mediterranean agro-forest landscape (Crete, Greece). Arid Land Res. Manag. 2015, 29, 360–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagopoulos, Y.; Dimitriou, E.; Skoulikidis, N. Vulnerability of a Northeast Mediterranean Island to Soil Loss. Can Grazing Management Mitigate Erosion? Water 2019, 11, 1491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Myronidis, D.I.; Emmanouloudis, D.A.; Mitsopoulos, I.A.; Riggos, E.E. Soil erosion potential after fire and rehabilitation treatments in Greece. Environ. Model. Assess. 2010, 15, 239–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernández, C.; Vega, J.A. Evaluation of the RUSLE and disturbed WEPP erosion models for predicting soil loss in the first year after wildfire in NW Spain. Environ. Res. 2018, 165, 279–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Efthimiou, N.; Psomiadis, E.; Panagos, P. Fire severity and soil erosion susceptibility mapping using multi-temporal earth observation data: The case of Mati fatal wildfire in eastern Attica, Greece. Catena 2020, 187, 104320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerdan, O.; Govers, G.; Le Bissonnais, Y.; Van Oost, K.; Poesen, J.; Saby, N.; Gobin, A.; Vacca, A.; Quinton, J.; Auerswald, K.; et al. Rates and spatial variations of soil erosion in Europe: A study based on erosion plot data. Geomorphology 2010, 122, 167–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinnell, P.I.A. A review of the design and operation of runoff and soil loss plots. Catena 2016, 145, 257–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosmadakis, I.; Tsardaklis, P.; Ioannou, K.; Zaimes, G.N. A Novel Fully Automated Soil Erosion Monitoring System. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies in Agriculture, Food and Environment (HAICTA 2015), Kavala, Greece, 17–20 September 2015; pp. 80–84. [Google Scholar]
- Stefanidis, P.; Sapountzis, M.; Stathis, D. Sheet erosion after fire at the urban forest of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece). Silva. Balc. 2002, 2, 65–77. [Google Scholar]
- Vanmaercke, M.; Poesen, J.; Radoane, M.; Govers, G.; Ocakoglu, F.; Arabkhedri, M. How long should we measure? An exploration of factors controlling the inter-annual variation of catchment sediment yield. J. Soils Sediments 2012, 12, 603–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Panagos, P.; Borrelli, P.; Poesen, J.; Ballabio, C.; Lugato, E.; Meusburger, K.; Montanarella, L.; Alewell, C. The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe. Environ. Sci. Policy 2015, 54, 438–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zini, A.; Grauso, S.; Verrubbi, V.; Falconi, L.; Leoni, G.; Puglisi, C. The RUSLE erosion index as a proxy indicator for debris flow susceptibility. Landslides 2015, 12, 847–859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rellini, I.; Scopesi, C.; Olivari, S.; Firpo, M.; Maerker, M. Assessment of soil erosion risk in a typical Mediterranean environment using a high resolution RUSLE approach (Portofino promontory, NW-Italy). J. Maps 2019, 15, 356–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myronidis, D.; Ioannou, K.; Sapountzis, M.; Fotakis, D. Development of a sustainable plan to combat erosion for an island of the Mediterranean region. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 2010, 19, 1694–1702. [Google Scholar]
- Khanday, M.Y.; Javed, A. Prioritization of sub-watersheds for conservation measures in a semi-arid watershed using remote sensing and GIS. J. Geol. Soc. India 2016, 88, 185–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karydas, C.G.; Panagos, P.; Gitas, I.Z. A classification of water erosion models according to their geospatial characteristics. Int. J. Digit. Earth 2014, 7, 229–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Igwe, P.U.; Onuigbo, A.A.; Chinedu, O.C.; Ezeaku, I.I.; Muoneke, M.M. Soil erosion: A review of models and applications. Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci. 2017, 4, 237341. [Google Scholar]
- Wischmeier, W.H.; Smith, D.D. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses, a Guide to Conservation Planning; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 1978; Volume 537, p. 62.
- Renard, K.G.; Foster, G.R.; Weesies, G.A.; Porter, J.P. RUSLE: Revised universal soil loss equation. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1991, 46, 30–33. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, R.P.C. A simple approach to soil loss prediction: A revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney model. Catena 2001, 44, 305–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gavrilović, S. Engineering of Debris Flow and Erosion; Izgradnja: Beograd, Serbia, 1972; p. 292. (In Serbian) [Google Scholar]
- Beasley, D.B.; Huggins, L.F.; Monke, A. ANSWERS: A model for watershed planning. Trans. ASAE 1980, 23, 938–944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knisel, W.G.; Williams, J.R.; Singh, V.P. Hydrology components of CREAMS and GLEAMS models. Comput. Models Watershed Hydrol. 1995, 1, 1069–1114. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, R.E.; Goodrich, D.C.; Quinton, J.N. Dynamic, distributed simulation of watershed erosion: The KINEROS2 and EUROSEM models. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1995, 50, 517–520. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, R.P.C.; Quinton, J.N.; Smith, R.E.; Govers, G.; Poesen, J.W.A.; Auerswald, K.; Chisci, G.; Torri, D.; Styczen, M.E. The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM): A dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. J. Br. Geomorphol. Group 1998, 23, 527–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, J.R.; Jones, C.A.; Dyke, P.T. A modeling approach to determining the relationship between erosion and soil productivity. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 129–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nearing, M.A.; Foster, G.R.; Lane, L.J.; Finkner, S.C. A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology. Trans. ASAE 1989, 32, 1587–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kirkby, M.J.; Le Bissonais, Y.; Coulthard, T.J.; Daroussin, J.; McMahon, M.D. The development of land quality indicators for soil degradation by water erosion. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2000, 81, 125–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, R.A.; Onstad, C.A.; Bosch, D.D.; Anderson, W.P. AGNPS: A nonpoint source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1989, 44, 168–173. [Google Scholar]
- Viney, N.R.; Sivapalan, M. A conceptual model of sediment transport: Application to the Avon River Basin in Western Australia. Hydrol. Process. 1999, 13, 727–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, J.G.; Allen, P.M. Estimating hydrologic budgets for three Illinois watersheds. J. Hydrol. 1996, 176, 57–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alewell, C.; Borrelli, P.; Meusburger, K.; Panagos, P. Using the USLE: Chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res. 2019, 7, 203–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schürz, C.; Mehdi, B.; Kiesel, J.; Schulz, K.; Herrnegger, M. A systematic assessment of uncertainties in large-scale soil loss estimation from different representations of USLE input factors—A case study for Kenya and Uganda. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 2020, 24, 4463–4489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Zhao, H. Dynamic Changes of Soil Erosion in the Taohe River Basin Using the RUSLE Model and Google Earth Engine. Water 2020, 12, 1293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polykretis, C.; Alexakis, D.D.; Grillakis, M.G.; Manoudakis, S. Assessment of intra-annual and inter-annual variabilities of soil erosion in Crete Island (Greece) by incorporating the Dynamic “Nature” of R and C-Factors in RUSLE modeling. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 2439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, X.; Zhang, R.; Sun, X. Spatiotemporal dynamics of soil erosion in the ecotone between the Loess Plateau and Western Qinling Mountains based on RUSLE modeling, GIS, and remote sensing. Arab. J. Geosci. 2021, 14, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, N.; Singh, S.K.; Reddy, G.P.; Mishra, V.N.; Bajpai, R.K. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Water Erosion Assessment. Agric. Rev. 2020, 41, 116–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagos, P.; Borrelli, P.; Meusburger, K.; Yu, B.; Klik, A.; Lim, K.J.; Yang, J.E.; Ni, J.; Miao, C.; Chattopadhyay, N.; et al. Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 4175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Diodato, N.; Borrelli, P.; Fiener, P.; Bellocchi, G.; Romano, N. Discovering historical rainfall erosivity with a parsimonious approach: A case study in Western Germany. J. Hydrol. 2017, 544, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kourgialas, N.N.; Koubouris, G.C.; Karatzas, G.P.; Metzidakis, I. Assessing water erosion in Mediterranean tree crops using GIS techniques and field measurements: The effect of climate change. Nat. Hazards 2016, 83, 65–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pal, S.C.; Chakrabortty, R. Simulating the impact of climate change on soil erosion in sub-tropical monsoon dominated watershed based on RUSLE, SCS runoff and MIROC5 climatic model. Adv. Space Res. 2019, 64, 352–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gianinetto, M.; Aiello, M.; Vezzoli, R.; Polinelli, F.N.; Rulli, M.C.; Chiarelli, D.D.; Bocchiola, D.; Ravazzani, G.; Soncini, A. Future Scenarios of Soil Erosion in the Alps under Climate Change and Land Cover Transformations Simulated with Automatic Machine Learning. Climate 2020, 8, 28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; Da Fonseca, G.A.; Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 2000, 403, 853–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diffenbaugh, N.S.; Giorgi, F. Climate change hotspots in the CMIP5 global climate model ensemble. Clim. Chang. 2012, 114, 813–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tolika, K.; Anagnostopoulou, C.; Maheras, P.; Vafiadis, M. Simulation of future changes in extreme rainfall and temperature conditions over the Greek area: A comparison of two statistical downscaling approaches. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2008, 63, 132–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagos, P.; Ballabio, C.; Meusburger, K.; Spinoni, J.; Alewell, C.; Borrelli, P. Towards estimates of future rainfall erosivity in Europe based on REDES and WorldClim datasets. J. Hydrol. 2017, 548, 251–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallinis, G.; Koutsias, N.; Makras, A.; Karteris, M. Forest parameters estimation in a European Mediterranean landscape using remotely sensed data. For. Sci. 2004, 50, 450–460. [Google Scholar]
- Köppen, W. Grundriss der Klimakunde; Walter de Gruyter: Berlin, Germany, 1931. [Google Scholar]
- Vantas, K.; Sidiropoulos, E.; Loukas, A. Estimating current and future rainfall erosivity in Greece using regional climate models and spatial quantile regression forests. Water 2020, 12, 687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kazamias, A.P.; Sapountzis, M. Spatial and temporal assessment of potential soil erosion over Greece. Eur. Water 2017, 59, 315–321. [Google Scholar]
- Efthimiou, N. Evaluating the performance of different empirical rainfall erosivity (R) factor formulas using sediment yield measurements. Catena 2018, 169, 195–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meinshausen, N. Quantile Regression Forests. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 2006, 7, 983–999. [Google Scholar]
- Panagos, P.; Ballabio, C.; Borrelli, P.; Meusburger, K. Spatio-Temporal analysis of rainfall erosivity and erosivity density in Greece. Catena 2016, 137, 161–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacob, D.; Petersen, J.; Eggert, B.; Alias, A.; Christensen, O.B.; Bouwer, L.M.; Braun, A.; Colette, A.; Déqué, M.; Georgievski, G. EURO-CORDEX: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research. Reg. Environ. Chang. 2014, 14, 563–578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wischmeier, W.H.; Johnson, C.B.; Cross, B.W. A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction sites. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1971, 26, 189–193. [Google Scholar]
- Karydas, C.G.; Petriolis, M.; Manakos, I. Evaluating alternative methods of soil erodibility mapping in the Mediterranean Island of Crete. Agriculture 2013, 3, 362–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Efthimiou, N. The importance of soil data availability on erosion modeling. Catena 2018, 165, 551–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCool, D.K.; Foster, G.R.; Mutchler, C.K.; Meyer, L.D. Revised Slope Length Factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Trans. ASAE 1989, 30, 1387–1396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Desmet, P.J.J.; Govers, G. A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1996, 51, 427–433. [Google Scholar]
- Pilesjö, P.; Hasan, A. A Triangular Form-based Multiple Flow Algorithm to Estimate Overland Flow Distribution and Accumulation on a Digital Elevation Model. Trans. GIS 2014, 18, 108–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Olaya, V.; Conrad, O. Geomorphometry in SAGA. Dev. Soil Sci. 2009, 33, 293–308. [Google Scholar]
- Schwanghart, W.; Scherler, D. TopoToolbox 2–MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface sciences. Earth Surf. Dynam. 2014, 2, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liampas, S.-A.G.; Stamatiou, C.C.; Drosos, V.C. Comparison of three DEM sources: A case study from Greek forests. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of Environment, Paphos, Cyprus, 26–29 March 2018; Volume 10773. [Google Scholar]
- Nikolakopoulos, K.G. Accuracy assessment of ALOS AW3D30 DSM and comparison to ALOS PRISM DSM create with classical photogrammetric techniques. Eur. J. Remote Sens. 2020, 2, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Florinsky, I.V.; Skrypitsyna, T.N.; Trevisani, S.; Romaikin, S.V. Statistical and visual quality assessment of nearly-global and continental digital elevation models of Trentino, Italy. Remote Sens. Lett. 2019, 10, 726–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azizian, A.; Brocca, L. Determining the best remotely sensed DEM for flood inundation mapping in data sparse regions. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2020, 41, 1884–1906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Knijff, J.M.; Jones, R.J.A.; Montanarella, L. Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in Europe; European Soil Bureau; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Alexandridis, T.K.; Sotiropoulou, A.M.; Bilas, G.; Karapetsas, N.; Silleos, N.G. The effects of seasonality in estimating the C-factor of soil erosion studies. Land Degrad. Dev. 2015, 26, 596–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexakis, D.D.; Hadjimitsis, D.G.; Agapiou, A. Integrated use of remote sensing, GIS and precipitation data for the assessment of soil erosion rate in the catchment area of “Yialias” in Cyprus. Atmos. Res. 2013, 131, 108–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagos, P.; Borrelli, P.; Meusburger, K.; van der Zanden, E.H.; Poesen, J.; Alewell, C. Modelling the effect of support practices (P-factor) on the reduction of soil erosion by water at European scale. Environ. Sci. Policy 2015, 51, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panagos, P.; Van Liedekerke, M.; Jones, A.; Montanarella, L. European Soil Data Centre: Response to European policy support and public data requirements. Land Use Policy 2012, 29, 329–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Efthimiou, N.; Lykoudi, E.; Panagoulia, D.; Karavitis, C. Assessment of soil susceptibility to erosion using the EPM and RUSLE Models: The case of Venetikos River Catchment. Glob. NEST J. 2016, 18, 164–179. [Google Scholar]
- Efthimiou, N.; Lykoudi, E.; Karavitis, C. Comparative analysis of sediment yield estimations using different empirical soil erosion models. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2017, 62, 2674–2694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verheijen, F.G.; Jones, R.J.; Rickson, R.J.; Smith, C.J. Tolerable versus actual soil erosion rates in Europe. Earth Sci. Rev. 2009, 94, 23–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- IPCC. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Giorgi, F.; Lionello, P. Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2008, 63, 90–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kling, H.; Fuchs, M.; Paulin, M. Runoff conditions in the upper Danube basin under an ensemble of climate change scenarios. J. Hydrol. 2012, 424, 264–277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tolika, K.; Maheras, P.; Vafiadis, M.; Flocas, H.A.; Arseni-Papadimitriou, A. Simulation of seasonal precipitation and raindays over Greece: A statistical downscaling technique based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). Int. J. Climatol. 2007, 27, 861–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soltani, S.; Almasi, P.; Helfi, R.; Modarres, R.; Esfahani, P.M.; Dehno, M.G. A new approach to explore climate change impact on rainfall intensity–duration–frequency curves. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 2020, 142, 911–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribas, A.; Olcina, J.; Sauri, D. More exposed but also more vulnerable? Climate change, high intensity precipitation events and flooding in Mediterranean Spain. Disaster Prev. Manag. Int. J. 2020, 29, 229–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lemaitre-Basset, T.; Collet, L.; Thirel, G.; Parajka, J.; Evin, G.; Hingray, B. Climate change impact and uncertainty analysis on hydrological extremes in a French Mediterranean catchment. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2021, 66, 888–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nearing, M.A.; Pruski, F.F.; O’neal, M.R. Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: A review. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2004, 59, 43–50. [Google Scholar]
- Borrelli, P.; Robinson, D.A.; Panagos, P.; Lugato, E.; Yang, J.E.; Alewell, C.; Wuepper, D.; Montarella, L.; Ballabio, C. Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015–2070). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 21994–22001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mearns, L.O.; Easterling, W.; Hays, C.; Marx, D. Comparison of agricultural impacts of climate change calculated from high and low resolution climate change scenarios: Part I. The uncertainty due to spatial scale. Clim. Chang. 2001, 51, 131–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zanis, P.; Katragkou, E.; Ntogras, C.; Marougianni, G.; Tsikerdekis, A.; Feidas, H.; Anadranistakis, E.; Melas, D. Transient high-resolution regional climate simulation for Greece over the period 1960–2100: Evaluation and future projections. Clim. Res. 2015, 64, 123–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rummukainen, M. State of the art with Regional Climate Models. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang. 2010, 1, 82–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xue, Y.; Janjic, Z.; Dudhia, J.; Vasic, R.; De Sales, F. A review on regional dynamical downscaling in intraseasonal to seasonal simulation/prediction and major factors that affect downscaling ability. Atmos. Res. 2014, 147, 68–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stefanidis, S.; Stathis, D. Effect of climate change on soil erosion in a mountainous Mediterranean catchment (Central Pindus, Greece). Water 2018, 10, 1469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Borrelli, P.; Panagos, P.; Märker, M.; Modugno, S.; Schütt, B. Assessment of the impacts of clear-cutting on soil loss by water erosion in Italian forests: First comprehensive monitoring and modelling approach. Catena 2017, 149, 770–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gatzojannis, S.; Stefanidis, P.; Kalabokidis, K. An inventory and evaluation methodology for non-Tiber functions of forests. Mitt. Abt. Forstl. Biom. 2001, 1, 3–49. [Google Scholar]
- Zagas, T.; Tsitsoni, T.; Gkanatsas, P. Perspectives of silviculture as discipline in Greece. Silva. Gandav. 1999, 64, 17–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Middleton, N. Rangeland management and climate hazards in drylands: Dust storms, desertification and the overgrazing debate. Nat. Hazards 2018, 92, 57–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nortcliff, S. Reclaimed Land-Erosion Control, Soils & Ecology. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 2001, 52, 525–526. [Google Scholar]
- Stevens, C.J.; Quinton, J.N.; Bailey, A.P.; Deasy, C.; Silgram, M.; Jackson, D.R. The effects of minimal tillage, contour cultivation and in-field vegetative barriers on soil erosion and phosphorus loss. Soil Tillage Res. 2009, 106, 145–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ricci, G.F.; Jeong, J.; De Girolamo, A.M.; Gentile, F. Effectiveness and feasibility of different management practices to reduce soil erosion in an agricultural watershed. Land Use Policy 2020, 90, 104306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshall, E.J.P. Agricultural landscapes: Field margin habitats and their interaction with crop production. J. Crop. Improv. 2004, 12, 365–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petanidou, T.; Kizos, T.; Soulakellis, N. Socioeconomic dimensions of changes in the agricultural landscape of the Mediterranean basin: A case study of the abandonment of cultivation terraces on Nisyros Island, Greece. Environ. Manag. 2008, 41, 250–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnaveni, N.; Sivakumar, G. Survey on dynamic resource allocation strategy in cloud computing environment. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. Res. 2013, 2, 731–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verde, N.; Kokkoris, I.P.; Georgiadis, C.; Kaimaris, D.; Dimopoulos, P.; Mitsopoulos, I.; Mallinis, G. National Scale Land Cover Classification for Ecosystem Services Mapping and Assessment, Using Multitemporal Copernicus EO Data and Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dubey, S.; Gupta, H.; Goyal, M.K.; Joshi, N. Evaluation of precipitation datasets available on Google earth engine over India. Int. J. Climatol. 2021, 1–20, in press. [Google Scholar]
Factors | Datasets | Data Source | Spatial Resolution | Format |
---|---|---|---|---|
Current/Future Rainfall erosivity (R) | National Scale Study [66] | https://zenodo.org/record/3692645 (accessed on 1 May 2021) https://zenodo.org/record/3855604 (accessed on 1 May 2021) | ~1 km | Raster |
Soil erodibility (K) | Soil Map of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture | http://mapsportal.ypen.gr/maps/289 (accessed on 1 May 2021) | - | Vector |
Slope Length and Steepness (LS) | ALOS DEM | https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/aw3d30/index.htm (accessed on 1 May 2021) | 30 m | Raster |
Cover management (C) | Sentinel-2—Level 2A imagery | “Copernicus” program https://scihub.copernicus.eu (accessed on 1 May 2021) | 10 m | Raster |
Support practice (P) | European Soil Data Center | https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/support-practices-factor-p-factor-eu (accessed on 1 May 2021) | 1 km2 | Raster |
Parent Material | K Value |
---|---|
Alluvial Deposits | 0.015 |
Hard Limestone | 0.0008 |
Peridotite | 0.05 |
Tertiary deposits | 0.015 |
Country | Averaged Soil Loss (t ha−1 y−1) |
---|---|
Croatia | 3.16 |
Cyprus | 2.89 |
France | 2.25 |
Italy | 8.46 |
Greece | 4.13 |
Malta | 6.02 |
Portugal | 2.31 |
Slovenia | 7.43 |
Spain | 3.94 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Stefanidis, S.; Alexandridis, V.; Chatzichristaki, C.; Stefanidis, P. Assessing Soil Loss by Water Erosion in a Typical Mediterranean Ecosystem of Northern Greece under Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity. Water 2021, 13, 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152002
Stefanidis S, Alexandridis V, Chatzichristaki C, Stefanidis P. Assessing Soil Loss by Water Erosion in a Typical Mediterranean Ecosystem of Northern Greece under Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity. Water. 2021; 13(15):2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152002
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefanidis, Stefanos, Vasileios Alexandridis, Chrysoula Chatzichristaki, and Panagiotis Stefanidis. 2021. "Assessing Soil Loss by Water Erosion in a Typical Mediterranean Ecosystem of Northern Greece under Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity" Water 13, no. 15: 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152002