The Impacts of the Geographic Distribution of Manufacturing Plants on Groundwater Withdrawal in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Factory Scatter Index (FSI)
2.2. Models and Variables
- Social-economic factors
- Natural factors
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Distribution of Manufacturing Plants in China
3.2. The Evolution of the Spatial Distribution of Manufacturing Plants in China
3.3. Empirical Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Regional Differences in the Degree of Scattering of Manufacturing Plants
4.2. Effects of the Scattering of Manufacturing Plants on Groundwater Withdrawal
4.3. Regional Differences in the Effects of the Scattering of Manufacturing Plants on Groundwater Withdrawal
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
FSI | Number of High-Water Consumption Plants | Total Population | Area of Actual Irrigated Land | Proportion of High-Water Consumption Plants | Proportion of High-Water Consumption Plants | GDP per Capita | Water Withdrawal per GDP | Rainfall | Temperature | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSI | 1 | |||||||||
Number of high-water consumption plants | 0.3959 | 1 | ||||||||
Total population | 0.3575 | 0.7042 | 1 | |||||||
Area of irrigated land | 0.1643 | 0.4513 | 0.7561 | 1 | ||||||
Proportion of high-water consumption plants | −0.2284 | −0.0838 | −0.0618 | 0.0061 | 1 | |||||
Proportion of high-water consumption plants | 0.4653 | 0.3629 | 0.3846 | 0.2129 | −0.2442 | 1 | ||||
GDP per capita | 0.432 | 0.4192 | 0.3261 | 0.144 | −0.0919 | 0.68 | 1 | |||
Water withdrawal per GDP | −0.2001 | −0.209 | −0.2066 | −0.0636 | 0.1351 | −0.3529 | −0.2687 | 1 | ||
Rainfall | 0.3312 | 0.2605 | 0.2629 | 0.1477 | −0.0783 | 0.1646 | 0.2404 | 0.1175 | 1 | |
Temperature | 0.2712 | 0.2447 | 0.2215 | 0.1446 | −0.0361 | 0.1249 | 0.2182 | 0.1836 | 0.8014 | 1 |
Model | AIC 1 | R2 | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|
OLS | −94.49802 | 0.5222 | 0.4849 |
GWR | −119.56729 | 0.6829 | 0.6045 |
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Variable | Observations | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Groundwater withdrawal (104 m3) | 205 | 5.1560 | 11.848 | 0.000 | 89.220 |
Social–economic factors | Factory scatter index (FSI) (km) | 179 | 2.2330 | 1.165 | 0.000 | 5.065 |
Area of actual irrigated land (104 m2) | 205 | 425.6320 | 832.676 | 0.000 | 6840.100 | |
Number of high-water consumption plants | 175 | 526.4630 | 1080.326 | 1.000 | 6457.000 | |
Proportion of high-water consumption plants (%) 1 | 175 | 30.7850 | 17.000 | 0.000 | 100.000 | |
Total population (×104) | 205 | 673.7730 | 1078.268 | 0.000 | 6663.180 | |
Urbanization rate (%) | 190 | 44.1540 | 20.668 | 0.000 | 95.667 | |
GDP per capita (104 yuan/person) | 190 | 4.4080 | 2.985 | 0.000 | 17.387 | |
Water withdrawal per GDP (yuan/m3) | 181 | 0.0129 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 0.123 | |
Natural factors | Rainfall (mm) | 204 | 815.7960 | 555.906 | 0.000 | 2540.349 |
Temperature (°C) | 204 | 8.9610 | 8.023 | −20.494 | 22.798 |
Total | |||||
Region | East China | Central China | West China | Northeast China | China |
Number of manufacturing plants in 2000 | 93,972 | 30,924 | 23,033 | 11,356 | 159,285 |
Number of manufacturing plants in 2010 | 303,540 | 83,690 | 46,127 | 23,395 | 456,752 |
Change rate (2000–2010) (%) | 223.01 | 170.63 | 100.26 | 106.01 | 186.75 |
Counties | |||||
Region | East China | Central China | West China | Northeast China | China |
Number of manufacturing plants in 2000 | 37,769 | 20,226 | 12,196 | 4525 | 74,716 |
Number of manufacturing plants in 2010 | 143,361 | 58,221 | 24,345 | 10,318 | 236,245 |
Change rate (2000–2010) (%) | 279.57 | 187.85 | 99.61 | 128.02 | 216.19 |
Districts | |||||
Region | East China | Central China | West China | Northeast China | China |
Number of manufacturing plants in 2000 | 56,203 | 10,698 | 10,837 | 6831 | 84,569 |
Number of manufacturing plants in 2010 | 160,179 | 25,469 | 21,782 | 13,077 | 220,507 |
Change rate (2000–2010) (%) | 185.00 | 138.07 | 101.00 | 91.44 | 160.74 |
Province 1 | Manufacturing Plants in 2000 | Rank | Manufacturing Plants in 2010 | Rank | Change Rate of the Number of Manufacturing Plants (%) | Rank | Change Rate of FSIs (%) | Rank |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National average | 5887 | 11 | 17,293 | 9 | 147 | 13 | 33 | 12 |
Jiangsu | 16,201 | 2 | 74,809 | 1 | 361.76 | 2 | 9.65 | 26 |
Zhengjiang | 14,720 | 3 | 62,084 | 3 | 321.77 | 3 | 13.05 | 25 |
Beijing | 4803 | 13 | 6404 | 18 | 33.33 | 22 | 14.3 | 24 |
Fujiang | 6010 | 8 | 24,533 | 5 | 308.2 | 4 | 17.88 | 22 |
Guangdong | 18,697 | 1 | 64,486 | 2 | 244.9 | 6 | 25.8 | 15 |
Hebei | 7282 | 7 | 10,806 | 14 | 48.39 | 19 | 27.38 | 14 |
Shanghai | 8771 | 6 | 15,102 | 11 | 72.18 | 18 | 37.51 | 11 |
Hainan | 505 | 26 | 906 | 26 | 79.41 | 17 | 43.1 | 8 |
Tianjing | 5313 | 12 | 6348 | 19 | 19.48 | 25 | 46.12 | 7 |
Shandong | 11,670 | 4 | 38,062 | 4 | 226.15 | 8 | 58.79 | 3 |
Jiangxi | 3598 | 17 | 12,077 | 13 | 235.66 | 7 | 9.17 | 27 |
Anhui | 3685 | 16 | 8034 | 16 | 118.02 | 14 | 18.31 | 21 |
Henan | 9856 | 5 | 19,588 | 7 | 98.74 | 15 | 24.08 | 17 |
Hunan | 4687 | 14 | 21,896 | 6 | 367.16 | 1 | 37.84 | 10 |
Hubei | 5919 | 10 | 17,618 | 8 | 197.65 | 10 | 41.66 | 9 |
Shanxi | 3179 | 19 | 4477 | 20 | 40.83 | 21 | 65.51 | 2 |
Chongqing | 1955 | 25 | 7974 | 17 | 307.88 | 5 | 17.88 | 23 |
Shanxi | 2665 | 22 | 3366 | 22 | 26.3 | 23 | 18.38 | 20 |
Sichuan | 4411 | 15 | 13,281 | 12 | 201.09 | 9 | 23.33 | 19 |
Guanxi | 3246 | 18 | 8690 | 15 | 167.71 | 12 | 24.62 | 16 |
Ningxia | 407 | 27 | 736 | 27 | 80.84 | 16 | 29.74 | 13 |
Guizhou | 1984 | 24 | 2240 | 25 | 12.9 | 27 | 52.61 | 5 |
Yunan | 2154 | 23 | 2694 | 24 | 25.07 | 24 | 54.96 | 4 |
Liaoning | 5925 | 9 | 16,413 | 10 | 177.01 | 11 | 23.68 | 18 |
Heilongjian | 2695 | 21 | 3045 | 23 | 12.99 | 26 | 46.61 | 6 |
Jilin | 2736 | 20 | 3937 | 21 | 43.9 | 20 | 88.73 | 1 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OLS 1 | OLS 2 | OLS 3 | OLS 4 | Tobit 1 | Tobit 2 | Tobit 3 | Tobit 4 |
FSI | 0.471 *** | 0.168 ** | 0.235 ** | 0.233 ** | 0.455 *** | 0.179 * | 0.236 *** | 0.234 *** |
(0.078) | (0.0848) | (0.0903) | (0.0904) | (0.0723) | (0.0721) | (0.0764) | (0.0764) | |
Area of actual irrigated land | 0.643 ** | 0.586 * | 0.582 * | 0.642 *** | 0.573 *** | 0.570 *** | ||
(0.32) | (0.302) | (0.311) | (0.143) | (0.145) | (0.146) | |||
Number of high-water consumption plants | −0.122 | −0.123 | −0.123 | −0.125 | −0.121 | −0.12 | ||
(0.11) | (0.123) | (0.126) | (0.104) | (0.107) | (0.107) | |||
Proportion of high-water consumption plants | −0.0987 | −0.131 | −0.14 | −0.0864 | −0.117 | −0.124 | ||
(0.109) | (0.12) | (0.128) | (0.0882) | (0.094) | (0.0951) | |||
Total population | 0.318 | 0.381 * | 0.384 * | 0.296 ** | 0.364 ** | 0.366 ** | ||
(0.202) | (0.207) | (0.208) | (0.14) | (0.141) | (0.141) | |||
Urbanization rate | 0.250 *** | 0.212 ** | 0.208 ** | 0.213 *** | 0.184 ** | 0.181 * | ||
(0.0852) | (0.0933) | (0.0933) | (0.0741) | (0.0912) | (0.0918) | |||
GDP per capita | 0.0207 | 0.0206 | 0.00793 | 0.00715 | ||||
(0.0935) | (0.0962) | (0.0999) | (0.1) | |||||
Water withdrawal per GDP | 0.321 * | 0.317 * | 0.357 ** | 0.352 ** | ||||
(0.174) | (0.175) | (0.167) | (0.17) | |||||
Rainfall | −0.0749 | −0.0517 | ||||||
(0.15) | (0.111) | |||||||
Temperature | 0.0679 | 0.0518 | ||||||
(0.127) | (0.113) | |||||||
Dummy | 0.179 *** | 0.160 *** | 0.174 *** | 0.168 *** | 0.174 *** | 0.150 *** | 0.163 *** | 0.159 *** |
(0.032) | (0.027) | (0.0276) | (0.0394) | (0.0335) | (0.027) | (0.0274) | (0.0356) | |
Intercept | 0.260 *** | 0.254 *** | 0.208 *** | 0.196 * | 0.276 *** | 0.278 *** | 0.233 *** | 0.221 *** |
(0.0408) | (0.0655) | (0.0793) | (0.104) | (0.0419) | (0.0556) | (0.0645) | (0.084) | |
N | 182 | 160 | 153 | 153 | 182 | 160 | 153 | 153 |
R2 | 0.229 | 0.52 | 0.521 | 0.522 |
Variable | Min | Q(1/4) | Q(1/2) | Q(3/4) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSI | 0.104 | 0.133 | 0.177 | 0.218 | 0.378 |
Area of irrigated land | 0.264 | 1.088 | 1.281 | 1.391 | 1.532 |
Number of high-water consumption plants | −0.354 | −0.218 | −0.178 | −0.137 | 0.097 |
Proportion of high-water consumption plants | −0.287 | −0.247 | −0.181 | −0.046 | 0.137 |
Total population | −0.160 | −0.070 | −0.004 | 0.057 | 0.453 |
Urbanization rate | 0.130 | 0.187 | 0.228 | 0.334 | 0.597 |
GDP per capita | −0.143 | −0.019 | 0.065 | 0.127 | 0.193 |
Water withdrawal per GDP | −0.781 | −0.585 | −0.432 | −0.020 | 0.490 |
Rainfall | −0.988 | −0.398 | −0.284 | −0.115 | 0.098 |
Temperature | −0.307 | −0.126 | −0.012 | 0.059 | 0.611 |
Intercept | 0.089 | 0.346 | 0.451 | 0.539 | 0.632 |
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Zheng, Y.; Yang, H.; Huang, J.; Wang, L.; Lv, A. The Impacts of the Geographic Distribution of Manufacturing Plants on Groundwater Withdrawal in China. Water 2021, 13, 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091158
Zheng Y, Yang H, Huang J, Wang L, Lv A. The Impacts of the Geographic Distribution of Manufacturing Plants on Groundwater Withdrawal in China. Water. 2021; 13(9):1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091158
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Yanting, Huidan Yang, Jinyuan Huang, Linjuan Wang, and Aifeng Lv. 2021. "The Impacts of the Geographic Distribution of Manufacturing Plants on Groundwater Withdrawal in China" Water 13, no. 9: 1158. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091158