Estimation of the Chlorophyll-A Concentration of Algae Species Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Growing of Algae Species
2.2. Sample Preparation and Extracting Chlorophyll-a
2.3. Experimental Setup
2.4. Work Flow
3. Model Development and Result Analysis
3.1. Development of EIS Models
3.2. Validation of EIS Models
3.3. Performance Evaluation of the Sensor
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test Samples of Algae Species | True Chlorophyll-a Using Equation (2) | Estimated Chlorophyll-a Using EIS | Percentage Accuracy | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spirulina | 22.3 mg/L | 25.5 mg/L | 3.2 mg/L | 85.7% |
Chlorella | 3.2 mg/L | 3.7 mg/L | 0.5 mg/L | 84.4% |
Mix Algae | 61.5 mg/L | 57.9 mg/L | 3.6 mg/L | 94.1% |
Excitation Source | Response | Detector | Cost | Operating Time | Accuracy (Affecting Factors) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spectrophot-ometry [27,28] | LED/Laser (lower sensitivity) | absorbance | photodiode | expensive | approx. 2–3 min (lab) | accurate (optical distortion) |
Fluorometry [29] | LED/Laser (higher sensitivity than spectro) | fluorescence | photodiode | more than spectro | approx. 5–6 min (lab) | more accurate than spectro |
HPLC [30] | Laser (highly sensitive) | fluorescence | photodiode | highly expensive | approx. 15–20 min (lab) | highly accurate |
Hemocytom-etry [31] | LED (sensitive to cell counts) | no. of cells | counting chamber | higher than EIS | approx. 5–10 min (lab) | accurate (miscounts large cells) |
Multispectral Imaging [34,35,36] | LED (wavelength sensitivity) | reflectance | sensor probes | higher than EIS | approx. 1–2 min (in situ) | Accurate (data losses) |
EIS (This Work) | voltage (frequency sensitivity) | impedance | electrodes | low cost | approx. 1 min (in situ) | Accurate (model-dependent) |
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Basak, R.; Wahid, K.A.; Dinh, A. Estimation of the Chlorophyll-A Concentration of Algae Species Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. Water 2021, 13, 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091223
Basak R, Wahid KA, Dinh A. Estimation of the Chlorophyll-A Concentration of Algae Species Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. Water. 2021; 13(9):1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091223
Chicago/Turabian StyleBasak, Rinku, Khan A. Wahid, and Anh Dinh. 2021. "Estimation of the Chlorophyll-A Concentration of Algae Species Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy" Water 13, no. 9: 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091223