Perennial Groundwater Zone Formation Processes in Thin Organic Soil Layers Overlying Thick Clayed Mineral Soil Layers in a Small Serpentine Headwater Catchment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Laboratory Measurement
2.3. Field Observations
3. Results
3.1. Hydraulic Properties
3.2. Pressure Head
3.3. Groundwater Level and Temperature
3.4. Electrical Conductivity
4. Discussion
4.1. Sources of Groundwater
4.2. Water Flow Direction and Flux Analysis across OSL-CML Boundary
4.2.1. Flow Direction Analysis
4.2.2. Upward Flux Analysis during Dry Periods
4.3. Conceptual Model of Formation Process of OSL Groundwater Zone
4.4. Importance of Water Supply from CMLs to OSLs as Upward Flux during Dry Periods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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cm s−1 | cm | ||||
OSLs | 3.38 × 10−2 a | 0.707 b | 0.250 b | −303.4 a | 3.05 b |
CMLs | 6.76 × 10−4 a | 0.549 b | 0.374 b | −303.2 a | 2.10 b |
Boundary | 2.14 × 10−2 | 0.718 | 0.442 | −200.3 | 2.67 |
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Yoshino, T.; Katsura, S. Perennial Groundwater Zone Formation Processes in Thin Organic Soil Layers Overlying Thick Clayed Mineral Soil Layers in a Small Serpentine Headwater Catchment. Water 2022, 14, 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193122
Yoshino T, Katsura S. Perennial Groundwater Zone Formation Processes in Thin Organic Soil Layers Overlying Thick Clayed Mineral Soil Layers in a Small Serpentine Headwater Catchment. Water. 2022; 14(19):3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193122
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoshino, Takahiko, and Shin’ya Katsura. 2022. "Perennial Groundwater Zone Formation Processes in Thin Organic Soil Layers Overlying Thick Clayed Mineral Soil Layers in a Small Serpentine Headwater Catchment" Water 14, no. 19: 3122. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193122