Human-Induced Sharp Salinity Changes in the World’s Largest Hypersaline Lagoon Bay Sivash (Crimea) and Their Effects on the Ecosystem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Abiotic Parameters
3.2. Zooplankton
3.3. Zoobenthos
3.4. Zooplankton vs. Zoobenthos
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Station Number | Coordinates | The Station Number | Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 45°45′37.0″ N; 34°57′57.0″ E | 9 | 45°19′05.5″ N; 35°14′59.8″ E |
2 | 45°37′9.0″ N; 35°04′40.0″ E | 10 | 45°21′04.2″ N; 35°06′06.5″ E |
3 | 45°31′13.7″ N; 35°11′12.9″ E | 11 | 45°37′48.3″ N; 35°01′54.8″ E |
4 | 45°29′04.7″ N; 35°13′27.9″ E | 12 | 45°40′48.8″ N; 34°54′55.2″ E |
5 | 45°27′19.5″ N; 35°13′27.9″ E | 13 | 45°44′00.8″ N; 34°48′10.3″ E |
6 | 45°24′43.5″ N; 35°17′33.8″ E | 14 | 45°52′38.8″ N; 34°44′33.3″ E |
7 | 45°23′04.7″ N; 35°19′44.6″ E | 15 | 45°52′42.6″ N; 34°42′09.0″ E |
8 | 45°17′14.3″ N; 35°28′01.2″ E | – | – |
Date | Temperature, °C | Salinity, g L−1 | TSS, mg L−1 | DOM, g L−1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Range | CV | Mean | Range | CV | Mean | Range | CV | Mean | Range | CV | |
2016, June | 32.50 | 31.00–34.00 | 0.090 | 51.00 | 24.00–70.00 | 0.270 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2018, May | 21.80 | 19.50–26.00 | 0.103 | 64.00 | 30.00–82.00 | 0.292 | 13.64 | 2.37–24.76 | 0.632 | 3.57 | 2.66–4.16 | 0.154 |
2018, November | 11.90 | 10.00–14.00 | 0.116 | 74.00 | 30.00–100.00 | 0.315 | 13.98 | 1.31–70.16 | 1.335 | 9.31 | 2.97–42.14 | 1.158 |
2019, June | 28.00 | 26.00–32.00 | 0.056 | 73.00 | 35.00–100.00 | 0.241 | 13.79 | 2.45–26.66 | 0.623 | 7.95 | 2.98–15.35 | 0.617 |
2020, July | 26.70 | 21.00–34.00 | 0.124 | 87.00 | 41.00–128.00 | 0.245 | 18.00 * | 2.04–33.70 * | 0.603 * | – | – | – |
2020, September | 26.60 | 24.00–28.00 | 0.048 | 88.00 | 41.00–138.00 | 0.382 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
2020, December | 3.00 | 3.00–3.50 | 0.055 | 94.00 | 30.00–112.00 | 0.293 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Taxon | 2016 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Max Salinity, g L−1 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* June | June | November | June | July | September | December | ||||||||||||||
Mean, Ind. m−2 | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | ||
Artemia cysts | 260 | 0 | – | 0 | 120,060 | 1.948 | 100 | 17,846 | 1.158 | 100 | 11,763 | 2.146 | 100 | 43,211 | 1.252 | 100 | 276,039 | 1.327 | 100 | 138 |
Artemia active stages | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 4201 | 1.420 | 69 | 1058 | 2.821 | 22 | 51,323 | 1.527 | 86 | 4628 | 1.082 | 100 | 150 | 2.620 | 25 | 138 |
Chironomidae larvae and pupae | 0 | 208 | 1.309 | 88 | 53 | 2.606 | 38 | 19 | 1.551 | 33 | 1441 | 1.830 | 100 | 114 | 0.972 | 100 | 430 | 1.388 | 75 | 138 |
Calanoida | 1247 | 33 | 1.777 | 38 | 13 | 3.023 | 15 | 7 | 2.121 | 22 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 10 | 2.828 | 13 | 112 |
Gastropoda | 0 | 37 | 1.732 | 13 | 3 | 2.663 | 15 | 261 | 1.469 | 67 | 711 | 3.557 | 43 | 38 | 0.992 | 80 | 25 | 2.828 | 25 | 112 |
Bivalvia | 0 | 17 | 1.732 | 13 | 3 | 2.663 | 15 | 106 | 1.493 | 89 | 7 | 2.357 | 21 | 10 | 1.225 | 80 | 0 | – | 0 | 138 |
Harpacticoida | 60 | 98 | 1.786 | 75 | 5 | 2.000 | 23 | 2870 | 2.468 | 100 | 2413 | 2.368 | 64 | 192 | 1.564 | 100 | 495 | 2.479 | 50 | 138 |
Amphipoda | 107 | 0 | – | 0 | 8 | 2.748 | 23 | 41 | 1.400 | 44 | 1 | 3.742 | 7 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 95 |
Ostracoda | 0 | 73 | 2.288 | 63 | 0 | – | 0 | 41 | 1.779 | 33 | 54 | 2.190 | 29 | 32 | 2.066 | 60 | 0 | – | 0 | 88 |
Fish juveniles | 0 | 4 | 1.836 | 25 | 0 | – | 0 | 6 | 1.825 | 33 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 75 |
Foraminifera | + | + | + | 50 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 1349 | 2.085 | 57 | 170 | 1.377 | 60 | 40 | 2.822 | 25 | 138 |
Isopoda | 30 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 2 | 3.742 | 7 | 0 | – | 0 | 80 | 2.828 | 13 | 50 |
Polychaeta | 13 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 45 |
Araneae | 0 | 1 | 2.828 | 13 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 75 |
Total zooplankton abundance (without Artemia cysts) | 1457 | 435 | 0.671 | 100 | 4286 | 1.417 | 100 | 4304 | 1.684 | 100 | 5991 | 1.774 | 100 | 5150 | 0.045 | 100 | 1154 | 1.152 | 100 | – |
The number of macrotaxa | 6 | 8 | – | – | 7 | – | – | 9 | – | – | 9 | – | – | 7 | – | – | 7 | – | – | – |
Share of Artemia (without cysts) in total zooplankton abundance, % | 0 | 0 | – | – | 74 | 0.559 | – | 12 | 2.590 | – | 53 | 0.762 | – | 60 | 0.861 | – | 10 | 2.428 | – | – |
Taxon | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Max Salinity, g L−1 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May–June * | November | June | July | December | ||||||||||||
Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | Mean, Ind. m−2 | CV | FO, % | ||
Gastropoda | 42 | 3.162 | 9 | 2000 | 1.641 | 58 | 1110 | 1.520 | 45 | 582 | 2.332 | 23 | 105 | 2.828 | 13 | 95 |
Chironomidae larvae | 40,711 | 1.630 | 64 | 2842 | 2.046 | 58 | 2794 | 1.562 | 73 | 22,540 | 2.041 | 92 | 2894 | 1.558 | 63 | 128 |
Polychaeta | 168 | 1.630 | 9 | 11,332 | 3.429 | 33 | 498 | 2.533 | 27 | 32 | 3.606 | 8 | 0 | – | 0 | 95 |
Bivalvia | 0 | – | 0 | 35 | 3.464 | 8 | 0 | – | 0 | 32 | 3.606 | 8 | 0 | – | 0 | 87 |
Amphipoda | 337 | 1.630 | 9 | 1438 | 3.193 | 25 | 612 | 2.308 | 18 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 90 |
Isopoda | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 77 | 3.317 | 9 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 50 |
Oligochaeta | 0 | – | 0 | 737 | 3.464 | 8 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 38 |
Artemia, without cysts | 0 | – | 0 | 5127 | 2.180 | 25 | 115 | 3.317 | 9 | 2245 | 1.549 | 54 | 789 | 2.829 | 13 | 128 |
Acarina | 115 | – | 18 | 105 | 3.464 | 8 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 92 |
Nematoda | 97,825 | 2.612 | 73 | 28,628 | 2.481 | 67 | 60,662 | 2.323 | 82 | 31,478 | 1.309 | 85 | 947 | 1.206 | 75 | 128 |
Ostracoda | 1225 | 2.012 | 36 | 4736 | 1.425 | 83 | 3445 | 1.171 | 82 | 939 | 1.871 | 55 | 315 | 1.181 | 50 | 128 |
Harpacticoida | 51,821 | 1.956 | 91 | 7824 | 2.035 | 75 | 25,030 | 1.831 | 73 | 8388 | 1.517 | 85 | 316 | 1.182 | 100 | 128 |
Turbellaria | 82,133 | 2.457 | 45 | 3929 | 1.405 | 58 | 21,766 | 2.618 | 73 | 1360 | 1.036 | 69 | 1263 | 2.696 | 25 | 128 |
Kinorhyncha | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 306 | 1.953 | 27 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 70 |
Ciliata | 22,925 | 1.598 | 45 | 30,242 | 1.956 | 75 | 651 | 1.621 | 45 | 6606 | 1.161 | 77 | 6631 | 0.880 | 88 | 128 |
Foraminifera | 115 | 2.365 | 18 | 246 | 1.708 | 33 | 1225 | 2.462 | 36 | 324 | 1.925 | 31 | 157 | 1.984 | 25 | 128 |
Allogromiidae | + | – | – | 211 | 2.892 | 17 | 3942 | 1.690 | 91 | 1425 | 2.776 | 23 | 158 | 2.828 | 13 | 128 |
Gromia | + | – | – | 35 | 3.464 | 8 | 115 | 2.371 | 18 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 54 |
Total zoobenthos abundance | 298,948 | 1.920 | 100 | 95,672 | 1.045 | 100 | 290,069 | 1.906 | 100 | 76,298 | 0.917 | 100 | 17,577 | 0.647 | 100 | – |
The number of macrotaxa | 11 | – | – | 16 | – | – | 15 | – | – | 12 | – | – | 10 | – | – | – |
Share of Chironomidae larvae in total zoobenthos abundance, % | 13.6 | 1.98 | – | 5.0 | 1.871 | – | 10.0 | 1.604 | – | 29.0 | 1.059 | – | 14.8 | 1.143 | – | – |
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Anufriieva, E.; Kolesnikova, E.; Revkova, T.; Latushkin, A.; Shadrin, N. Human-Induced Sharp Salinity Changes in the World’s Largest Hypersaline Lagoon Bay Sivash (Crimea) and Their Effects on the Ecosystem. Water 2022, 14, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030403
Anufriieva E, Kolesnikova E, Revkova T, Latushkin A, Shadrin N. Human-Induced Sharp Salinity Changes in the World’s Largest Hypersaline Lagoon Bay Sivash (Crimea) and Their Effects on the Ecosystem. Water. 2022; 14(3):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030403
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnufriieva, Elena, Elena Kolesnikova, Tatiana Revkova, Alexander Latushkin, and Nickolai Shadrin. 2022. "Human-Induced Sharp Salinity Changes in the World’s Largest Hypersaline Lagoon Bay Sivash (Crimea) and Their Effects on the Ecosystem" Water 14, no. 3: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030403