Seasonal Variability of Nutrients and Radium Isotope Fluxes from Submarine Karstic Spring at the Southwest of Crimea, Black Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Coastal Expedition and Sampling
2.2. Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ra Isotopes
3.2. Nutrients
3.3. Vulnerability of Submarine Groundwater of Karst Origin under Anthropogenic Influence
3.4. Assessment of the Possibility of Capturing Submarine Springs of Cape Ayia
3.5. Seasonal Variability of the Distribution of Parameters, Fluxes of Submarine Spring, and Nutrients
- the flux of the submarine spring;
- meteorological conditions during the expedition;
- hydrological conditions in the area;
- seasonal nature of intensity of the biogeochemical processes in seawater.
- expedition 24 March 2019—68.8 mm (plus the income from melting snow cover from 59 to 9 mm);
- expedition 10 September 2019—18 mm;
- expedition 23 February 2020—335 mm;
- expedition 19 July 2020—169 mm.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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23 March 2019 | 10 September 2019 | 23 February 2020 | 19 July 2020 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H, m | v, cm/s | H, m | v, cm/s | H, m | v, cm/s | H, m | v, cm/s |
0.2 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 11.0 | 0.1 | 17.0 |
0.5 | 12.2 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 1.4 | 7.0 | 1.1 | 9.0 |
4.0 | 11.6 | 3.3 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 13.0 |
7.7 | 12.0 | 6.7 | 3.5 | 6.1 | 3.0 | 7.1 | 2.0 |
Season | Submarine Water Fluxes Calculated by the Parameters, m3/day | Nutrient Fluxes, g/day | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
226Ra | 228Ra | S | Si | DIP | NH4+ | NO3− | Mean | Si | DIP | TDP | NH4+ | NO2− | NO3− | |
Spring | 7530 | 7960 | 7235 | 9540 | 9930 | 5390 2 | 7110 | 8220 | 23,980 | 97 | 115 | 135 | 106 | 5360 |
Autumn | 4030 | 4170 | 4350 | 3735 | 6740 2 | 4750 | 4050 | 4100 | 16,600 | 45 | – 1 | – 1 | 10 | 3650 |
Winter | 7780 | 8390 | 7645 | 10,520 | 14,415 2 | 8610 | 12,490 | 9360 | 35,300 | 170 | 330 | 270 | 29 | 7350 |
Summer | 13,920 | 14,350 | 14,030 | 15,250 | 22,350 2 | 33,330 2 | 15,400 | 13,900 | 52,100 | 222 | 226 | 480 | – 1 | 9950 |
Season | Dependence of the Concentration of Nutrients on Salinity and Squared Correlation Coefficient for Each Dependence | Concentration in “Groundwater”, μM | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | DIP | TDP | NH4+ | NO2− | NO3− | Si | DIP | TDP | NH4+ | NO2− | NO3− | |
Spring | 107.0–5.1·S R2 = 0.57 | 0.38–0.01·S R2 = 0.54 | 0.46–0.01·S R2 = 0.25 | 1.22–0.06·S R2 = 0.71 | 0.95–0.04·S R2 = 0.61 | 48.3–2.5·S R2 = 0.35 | 103.5 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 1.18 | 0.92 | 46.6 |
Autumn | 149.9–8.0·S R2 = 0.77 | 0.36–0.02·S R2 = 0.3 | 0.02 + 0.01·S R2 = 0.02 | −0.38 + 0.05·S R2 = 0.08 | 0.19–0.01·S R2 = 0.76 | 66.1–3.5·S R2 = 0.07 | 144.3 | 0.35 | – 1 | – 1 | 0.18 | 63.6 |
Winter | 162.0–8.5·S R2 = 0.74 | 0.70–0.03·S R2 = 0.55 | 1.35–0.06·S R2 = 0.72 | 2.43–0.10·S R2 = 0.58 | 0.27–0.01·S R2 = 0.60 | 67.3–3.4·S R2 = 0.4 | 156.0 | 0.68 | 1.31 | 2.36 | 0.26 | 64.9 |
Summer | 115.9–6.1·S R2 = 0.61 | 0.50–0.02·S R2 = 0.45 | 0.47–0.02·S R2 = 0.45 | 2.41–0.11·S R2 = 0.24 | 0.002–0.002·S R2 = 0.74 | 50.6–2.6·S R2 = 0.07 | 111.6 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 2.33 | – 1 | 48.7 |
Concentration, µM | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | DIP | TDP | NH4+ | NO2− | NO3− |
142.8 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1.25 | 0.18 | 6.34 |
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Dovhyi, I.I.; Kozlovskaia, O.N.; Bezhin, N.A.; Shibetskaia, I.G.; Chepyzhenko, A.I.; Tananaev, I.G. Seasonal Variability of Nutrients and Radium Isotope Fluxes from Submarine Karstic Spring at the Southwest of Crimea, Black Sea. Water 2022, 14, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040568
Dovhyi II, Kozlovskaia ON, Bezhin NA, Shibetskaia IG, Chepyzhenko AI, Tananaev IG. Seasonal Variability of Nutrients and Radium Isotope Fluxes from Submarine Karstic Spring at the Southwest of Crimea, Black Sea. Water. 2022; 14(4):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040568
Chicago/Turabian StyleDovhyi, Illarion I., Ol’ga N. Kozlovskaia, Nikolay A. Bezhin, Iuliia G. Shibetskaia, Aleksey I. Chepyzhenko, and Ivan G. Tananaev. 2022. "Seasonal Variability of Nutrients and Radium Isotope Fluxes from Submarine Karstic Spring at the Southwest of Crimea, Black Sea" Water 14, no. 4: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040568