Sustained Phosphorus Removal by Calcareous Materials in Long-Term (Two Years) Column Experiment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Filter Materials and Their P adsorption Capacities
2.2. Chemical and Physical Characterization
2.3. Experimental Column Setup
2.4. Operational Periods
2.5. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.6. P removal and P load
2.7. Element Content
2.8. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. P removal during the Operation Period
3.2. P content in the Column Fractions
3.3. Remaining Elements in Column Fractions
4. Discussion
4.1. The Calcareous Materials Showed Consistent P removal
4.2. All Materials Were Hydraulicly Stable in the Operation Period
4.3. P accumulated in the Bottom Fraction of the Columns
4.4. Similarities and Discrepancies between P content in Bottom Fraction and Qmax
4.5. Sol–Gel Coatings Had a Minimal Effect on the Materials P sorption Capacity
4.6. Applicable Aspects of the Filter Materials
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Abbreviation | Company/Location, Country | Material in Column (kg) | Qmax (mg P g−1 DM) | General Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catsan | CAT | CATSAN®, UK | 0.82 | 35.1 | Commercial cat litter product. Calcium silicate gravel composed of natural chalk and fine quality quartz sand. |
Catsan coating A | CAT A | Modified CATSAN, DK | 0.77 | 22.1 | |
Catsan coating C | CAT C | Modified CATSAN, DK | 0.91 | 9.6 | |
Hygiene | HYG | MULTIFIT®, DE | 0.62 | 30.2 | |
Calcite | CAL | IMERYS Industrial Minerals, DK | 1.41 | 34.2 | Developed for P removal. Calcium carbonate granulates. |
Opoka | OPO | Bełchatów, PL | 1.72 | 10.5 | Natural product. Carbonate silicate gravel produced from natural reserves. |
Phosclean | PHO | NUWEN®, FR | 1.64 | 5.6 | Developed for P removal. Apatite granulates produced from a Moroccan natural product. |
Quartz sand | SAN | Franzefoss a/s, DK | 2.54 | 0.7 | Natural sand extracted from a gravel pit in Denmark. |
Parameter | Operative Periods | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | |
Weeks of operation | 52 | 34 | 8 | 17 |
Accumulated weeks of operation | 52 | 86 | 94 | 111 |
Surface hydraulic loading rate (mm d−1) | 18 | 33 | 204 | 227 |
Hydraulic retention time (d) | 3.8 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
pH a | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.6 |
Conductivity a (mS cm−1) | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.53 |
Temperature (°C) | 19.5 | 19.3 | 20.0 | 19.6 |
Inlet P concentration (mg P L−1) | 3.3 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 21.5 |
Material | Effluent P Concentration a (mg P L−1) | P Mass Loading (mg P g−1 DM) | P Mass Removal (mg P g−1 DM) | P Removal (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CAL | 0.05 | 4.81 ± N/A | 4.78 ± N/A | 99.3 |
CAT | 0.01 | 7.81 ± 0.26 | 7.80 ± 0.26 | 99.9 |
CAT A | 0.01 | 7.95 ± 0.52 | 7.95 ± 0.52 | 100.0 |
CAT C | 0.01 | 6.51 ± 0.77 | 6.51 ± 0.77 | 100.0 |
HYG | 0.05 | 12.91 ± 3.39 | 12.84 ± 3.40 | 99.5 |
OPO | 1.30 | 3.96 ± 0.24 | 3.33 ± 0.31 | 84.1 |
PHO | 1.46 | 3.53 ± 0.13 | 3.39 ± 0.22 | 96.2 |
SAN | 14.32 | 2.77 ± 0.19 | 1.12 ± 0.24 | 40.4 |
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Jensen, S.M.; Søhoel, H.; Blaikie, F.H.; Arias, C.A.; Brix, H. Sustained Phosphorus Removal by Calcareous Materials in Long-Term (Two Years) Column Experiment. Water 2022, 14, 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050682
Jensen SM, Søhoel H, Blaikie FH, Arias CA, Brix H. Sustained Phosphorus Removal by Calcareous Materials in Long-Term (Two Years) Column Experiment. Water. 2022; 14(5):682. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050682
Chicago/Turabian StyleJensen, Solvei Mundbjerg, Helmer Søhoel, Frances Helen Blaikie, Carlos Alberto Arias, and Hans Brix. 2022. "Sustained Phosphorus Removal by Calcareous Materials in Long-Term (Two Years) Column Experiment" Water 14, no. 5: 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050682