Understanding the Complexity of Drought within the Soil Profile in Beech Ecosystems on Their Lower Altitudinal Limit in Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Mathematical Model GLOBAL
2.3. Hydrophysical Characteristics
2.4. Meteorological Data
2.5. Root System Data
2.6. Leaf Area Index Measurement
2.7. Albedo and Surface Roughness
2.8. Climatic Index of Irrigation and Hydrolimits
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of Meteorological Conditions
3.2. Climatological Drought
3.3. Seasonal Changes in Water Content (Results from GLOBAL)
3.4. Dynamics of the Water Content in Different Soil Horizons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meteorology 1 | Precipitation (mm·day−1) Mean Air Temperature (°C) Sunshine (h) Vapor Pressure (hPa) Wind Speed (m·s−1) |
Vegetation Canopy Parameters | Leaf area index (LAI) (m2·m2) 1 Albedo (-) 1 Surface roughness (m2) 1 Root depth (cm) 1 Potential root water uptake factor (0,1) Feddes parameters |
Hydrophysical parameters 2 | residual water content (cm3·cm−3) saturated water content (cm3·cm−3) Ks saturated hydraulic conductivity (cm·day−1) α, n parameters of van Genuchten’s soil hydraulic functions |
Initial condition within the soil profile 2 | Initial water content (cm3·cm−3) |
Bottom boundary condition | Free Drainage |
Soil Horizon | Saturated Water Content θs (cm3·cm−3) | Residual Water Content θr (cm3·cm−3) | Parameter α (cm−1) | Parameter n (-) | Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Ks (cm·day−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (0–4 cm) | 0.517 | 0.094 | 0.014 | 1.284 | 76.85 |
B (5–22 cm) | 0.512 | 0.089 | 0.016 | 1.264 | 66.52 |
B/C1 (23–40 cm) | 0.563 | 0.086 | 0.009 | 1.311 | 56.43 |
B/C2 (41–66 cm) | 0.595 | 0.088 | 0.047 | 1.202 | 25.72 |
Date | LAI | Date | LAI | Date | LAI | Date | LAI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 March | 1.027 ± 0.07 | 13.04 | 1.461 ± 0.04 | 29.04 | 4.526 ± 0.08 | 01.08 | 5.920 ± 0.08 |
20 March | 1.821 ± 0.04 | 15.04 | 1.780 ± 0.03 | 06.05 | 5.393 ± 0.08 | 01.09 | 4.540 ± 0.08 |
1 April | 1.787 ± 0.02 | 17.04 | 2.097± 0.05 | 15.05 | 5.693 ± 0.09 | 01.10 | 3.900 ± 0.08 |
8 April | 1.658 ± 0.15 | 21.04 | 2.745 ± 0.04 | 21.06 | 5.931 ± 0.07 | 23.10 | 3.757 ± 0.07 |
9 April | 1.649 ± 0.08 | 25.04 | 3.950 ± 0.08 | 01.07 | 6.100 ± 0.08 | 30.10 | 3.142 ± 0.10 |
Soil Horizon | A | B | B/C1 | B/C2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
FC (pF 2.5) | 0.366 | 0.367 | 0.417 | 0.424 |
PDA (pF 3.3) | 0.258 | 0.262 | 0.279 | 0.284 |
WP (pF 4.18) | 0.185 | 0.189 | 0.188 | 0.191 |
Month | HY 2015 | HY 2016 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Deficiency Days (WDD) | Precipitation in WDD (mm) | PET in WDD (mm) | CII in WDD (mm) | Water Deficiency Days (WDD) | Precipitation in WDD (mm) | PET in WDD (mm) | CII in WDD (mm) | |
XI | 21 | 0.6 | 11.4 | 10.8 | * | * | * | * |
XII | 16 | 0.6 | 5.6 | 5 | 19 | 0.4 | 4.7 | 4.3 |
I | 18 | 1 | 6.1 | 5.1 | 23 | 1 | 6.48 | 5.48 |
II | * | * | * | * | 11 | 1.4 | 8.95 | 7.55 |
III | 24 | 3.2 | 48.9 | 45.7 | 25 | 1 | 48.3 | 47.3 |
IV | 25 | 2.8 | 89.4 | 86.6 | 24 | 1 | 80.9 | 79.9 |
V | 21 | 5.2 | 84.4 | 79.2 | 25 | 5.4 | 94.9 | 89.5 |
VI | 28 | 4.6 | 125.7 | 121.1 | 23 | 10.4 | 109 | 98.3 |
VII | 25 | 6.6 | 136.5 | 129.9 | 23 | 6.8 | 108 | 101.6 |
VIII | 26 | 3 | 109.5 | 106.5 | 22 | 4.4 | 91.1 | 86.7 |
IX | 24 | 5 | 67.5 | 62.5 | 26 | 1.8 | 74.3 | 72.5 |
X | 18 | 0.4 | 24.4 | 24 | * | * | * | * |
Layer | Date | Duration (Days) | Precipitation (mm) | PET (mm) | CII (mm) | Average Water Content (cm3·cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A (0–4 cm) | 12–27 April 2015 | 16 | 1.6 | 61.0 | 59.4 | 0.233 |
5–19 May 2015 | 15 | 6.0 | 60.0 | 54.0 | 0.237 | |
19 June–7 July 2015 | 19 | 1.1 | 85.8 | 84.7 | 0.228 | |
30 August–18 September 2015 | 20 | 11.8 | 62.2 | 50.4 | 0.248 | |
22 March–7 April 2016 | 17 | 0.0 | 47.5 | 47.5 | 0.231 | |
B (5–22 cm) | 21–31 March 2015 | 11 | 27.6 | 19.8 | −7.9 | 0.255 |
17 April–3 May 2015 | 17 | 14.2 | 54.1 | 39.9 | 0.246 | |
7–24 May 2015 | 18 | 44.2 | 65.3 | 21.1 | 0.253 | |
13 June–12 July 2015 | 30 | 14.2 | 139.9 | 125.7 | 0.253 | |
2–25 September 2015 | 24 | 39.4 | 63.3 | 23.9 | 0.238 | |
1–14 October 2015 | 14 | 21.6 | 15.7 | −5.9 | 0.253 | |
25 March–26 April 2016 | 33 | 21.6 | 91.7 | 70.1 | 0.24 | |
B/C1 (23–40 cm) | 28 March–4 May 2015 | 38 | 64.2 | 108.8 | 44.6 | 0.266 |
12 June–16 July 2015 | 35 | 14.4 | 164.0 | 149.6 | 0.272 | |
6 September–15 October 2015 | 40 | 77.2 | 74.5 | −2.7 | 0.257 | |
1–29 April 2016 | 29 | 39.8 | 82.9 | 43.1 | 0.262 | |
2–22 June 2016 | 21 | 54.2 | 86.8 | 32.6 | 0.270 | |
30 September–9 October 2016 | 10 | 0.6 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 0.269 | |
B/C2 (41–66 cm) | 10 March–5 May 2015 | 57 | 86.0 | 145.2 | 59.2 | 0.264 |
1 June–21 July 2015 | 50 | 28.8 | 245.9 | 217.1 | 0.276 | |
23 August–18 October 2015 | 57 | 120.8 | 127.6 | 6.8 | 0.246 | |
26 March–2 May 2016 | 38 | 40.8 | 105.3 | 64.5 | 0.258 | |
23 May–27 June 2016 | 36 | 79.8 | 156.1 | 76.3 | 0.261 | |
19 September–21 October 2016 | 33 | 73.4 | 44.2 | −29.2 | 0.244 |
Soil Horizon | Indicator | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sept | Oct |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | MEAN | 0.376 | 0.372 | 0.375 | 0.377 | 0.299 | 0.282 | 0.298 | 0.271 | 0.297 | 0.346 | 0.281 | 0.354 |
CV | 3.025 | 3.542 | 3.120 | 4.650 | 18.517 | 25.628 | 26.447 | 14.560 | 27.471 | 9.972 | 16.332 | 10.600 | |
B | MEAN | 0.383 | 0.376 | 0.373 | 0.383 | 0.305 | 0.279 | 0.274 | 0.261 | 0.299 | 0.314 | 0.244 | 0.320 |
CV | 2.511 | 2.071 | 1.744 | 1.426 | 16.866 | 15.303 | 14.391 | 5.541 | 16.403 | 6.807 | 5.865 | 19.491 | |
BC1 | MEAN | 0.377 | 0.379 | 0.386 | 0.386 | 0.324 | 0.264 | 0.323 | 0.282 | 0.322 | 0.344 | 0.263 | 0.308 |
CV | 1.911 | 1.126 | 1.603 | 1.343 | 11.973 | 5.034 | 8.333 | 5.924 | 16.649 | 8.570 | 4.406 | 18.312 | |
BC2 | MEAN | 0.373 | 0.380 | 0.378 | 0.383 | 0.278 | 0.266 | 0.302 | 0.272 | 0.314 | 0.317 | 0.243 | 0.276 |
CV | 1.832 | 1.427 | 2.167 | 1.056 | 11.976 | 4.651 | 9.774 | 3.703 | 15.783 | 12.410 | 2.880 | 18.026 |
Soil Horizon | Indicator | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sept | Oct |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | MEAN | 0.387 | 0.371 | 0.380 | 0.398 | 0.310 | 0.272 | 0.314 | 0.312 | 0.323 | 0.387 | 0.322 | 0.367 |
CV | 2.254 | 2.361 | 1.973 | 6.083 | 22.232 | 19.441 | 12.680 | 11.588 | 20.588 | 10.185 | 10.161 | 7.156 | |
B | MEAN | 0.383 | 0.379 | 0.366 | 0.378 | 0.319 | 0.242 | 0.291 | 0.270 | 0.316 | 0.355 | 0.278 | 0.331 |
CV | 0.866 | 1.849 | 2.127 | 2.014 | 16.762 | 6.126 | 8.467 | 5.656 | 10.846 | 7.938 | 5.548 | 11.081 | |
BC1 | MEAN | 0.380 | 0.374 | 0.375 | 0.375 | 0.323 | 0.264 | 0.332 | 0.286 | 0.353 | 0.364 | 0.287 | 0.326 |
CV | 1.283 | 2.457 | 1.128 | 3.288 | 10.562 | 3.916 | 7.734 | 9.908 | 3.928 | 4.821 | 3.865 | 13.923 | |
BC2 | MEAN | 0.369 | 0.365 | 0.373 | 0.380 | 0.299 | 0.252 | 0.312 | 0.264 | 0.347 | 0.330 | 0.268 | 0.272 |
CV | 1.775 | 2.714 | 2.938 | 4.200 | 8.997 | 7.890 | 12.573 | 8.911 | 2.604 | 6.545 | 8.066 | 15.631 |
Hydrological Year | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Layer | A | B | B/C1 | B/C2 | A | B | B/C1 | B/C2 | |
Σ days | θ > FC | 134 | 135 | 0 | 0 | 175 | 145 | 0 | 0 |
FC > θ > PDA | 142 | 116 | 252 | 201 | 159 | 165 | 301 | 259 | |
PDA > θ | 89 | 114 | 113 | 164 | 32 | 56 | 65 | 107 | |
Average Length of Drought Episode (PDA > θ) | 13 | 19 | 38 | 55 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 36 | |
Number of Drought Episodes | 7 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
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Oravcová, Z.; Vido, J. Understanding the Complexity of Drought within the Soil Profile in Beech Ecosystems on Their Lower Altitudinal Limit in Slovakia. Water 2022, 14, 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091338
Oravcová Z, Vido J. Understanding the Complexity of Drought within the Soil Profile in Beech Ecosystems on Their Lower Altitudinal Limit in Slovakia. Water. 2022; 14(9):1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091338
Chicago/Turabian StyleOravcová, Zuzana, and Jaroslav Vido. 2022. "Understanding the Complexity of Drought within the Soil Profile in Beech Ecosystems on Their Lower Altitudinal Limit in Slovakia" Water 14, no. 9: 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091338